References

(Asterisks indicate publications with support from OCE-9806565)

Aretxabaleta, A., J. Manning, F.E. Werner, K. Smith, B.O. Blanton and D.R. Lynch (2004) Hindcasting May 1999 on the Southern Flank of Georges Bank: frontal circulation and implications. Continental Shelf Research, 25 (7/8), 849-874.

Bailey, K.M., L. Ciannelli, and V.N. Agostini. 2003. Complexity and constraints combined in simple models of recruitment. In (H.I. Browman and S.B. Skiftesvik, Eds.) The Big fish Bang. Proc. 26^th Ann. Larval Fish Conf. pp 293-301.

Bentsen M, Evensen G, Jenkins AD, (1999) Coordinate Transformation n a Sphere using Conformal Mapping. Mon Wea Rev 27:2733-2740

Bentsen M, Drange H 2000 Parameterizing surface fluxes in ocean models using the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data. In Reg Clim General Technical Report No 4, Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway, 44-57.

Brander, K. M., and Mohn, R. K. 2004. Effect of the North Atlantic Oscillation on recruitment of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Can. Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 61: 1558-1564.

Buckley, L.J., R.G. Lough, M.A. Peck, and F.E. Werner. 2000. Larval Atlantic cod and haddock growth models, metabolism, ingestion, and temperature effects. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 57: 1957-1960.

Buckley, LJ and E.G. Durbin (2004) Annual and inter-annual trends in the zooplankton prey and growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) larvae on Georges Bank. ICES CM2004/O:08.

Buckley, L.J., E. Caldarone, and R.G Lough. (2004) Optimum temperature and food-limited growth of larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) on Georges Bank. Fisheries Oceanography. 13:134-140.

Buckley, L.J. and E.G. Durbin. Annual and inter-annual trends in the zooplankton prey and growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) larvae on Georges Bank. Deep Sea Research. Submitted.

Buckley, L.J., E. Caldarone, R.G Lough and J. St. Onge-Burns. Environmental variability and recent growth of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) larvae on Georges Bank Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Submitted.

Budgell, WP (2005) Numerical simulation of ice-ocean variability in the Barents Sea region: Towards dynamical downscaling. Submitted to Ocean Dynamics.

Campana, S.E. and Hurley P.C.F. (1989) An age- and temperature-mediated growth model for cod and haddock larvae in the Gulf of Maine. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 49:238-251.

* Campbell, R.G., J.A. Runge, and E.G. Durbin. 2001. Evidence for food limitation of C. fin. production rates on the southern flank of Georges Bank during April, 1997. Deep-Sea Res. II. 48:531-550.

Dower, J.F., T.J. Miller and W.C. Leggett (1997) The role of turbulence in the feeding ecology of larval fish. Adv. Mar. Biol., 31:170-220.

Ciannelli, L. K-S. Chan, K.M. Bailey, and N.C. Stenseth. 2004. Nonadditiive effects ofthe environment on the survival of a large marine fish populations. Ecology 85:3418-3427.

 
Cura, J.J., Jr. 1987. Phytoplankton. In: Backus, R.H. and D. Bourne (Eds.), Georges Bank. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 203-208.
 

Davis, C.S. 1984. Predatory control of copepod seasonal cycles on Georges Bank. Marine Biology 82, pp 31-40.

 
Davis, C.S. 1987. Zooplankton life cycles. In: Backus, R.H. and D. Bourne (Eds.), Georges Bank. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 255-268.

deYoung, B., M. Heath, F. Werner, F. Chai, B. Megrey and P. Monfray (2004) Challenges of Modeling Decadal Variability in Ocean Basin Ecosystems. Science, 4 June 2004, 304:1463-1466.
 
Dower, J.F., T.J. Miller, and W.C. Leggett (1997).  The role of microscale turbulence in the feeding ecology of larval fish.  Adv. Mar. Biol.  31: 170-220  
 
Durbin, E.G, Runge, J.A., Campbell, R.G.,Garrahan, P.R., Casas, M.C., and Plourde, S. 1997. Late fall-early winter recruitment of Calanus finmarchicus on the Georges Bank. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 151:103-114. 
 
Durbin, E.G., P.R. Garrahan, and M.C. Casas. 2000. Abundance and distribution of Calanus finmarchicus on the Georges Bank during 1995 and 1996. ICES J. Mar. Res. 57: 1664-1685. 

Durbin, E.G., Campbell, R.G., Casas, M.C., Ohman, M.D., Niehoff, B., Runge, J.A., Wagner, M. 2003. Interannual Variation in Phytoplankton blooms and Zooplankton Productivity and Abundance in the Gulf of Maine During Winter. Marine Ecology Progress Series 254, 81-100.

 
Ellertsen B, Fossum P, Solemdal P, Sundby S, Tilseth S (1984) A case study on the  distribution of cod larvae and availability of prey organisms in relation to physical processes in Lofoten. In: Dahl E, Danielssen DS, Moksness E, Solemdal P (Eds) The propagation of cod Gadus morhua L. Flødevigen Rapportserie 1: 453-477.
 
Ellertsen, B., Fossum, P., Solemdal P., and Sundby, S. (1989) Relation between temperature and survival of eggs and first feeding larvae of northeast Arctic cod. Rapports et Procs-Verbaux de Reunions du Cons. Int. Pour l’Expl. De la Mer, 191:209-219.
 
Ellertsen, B., P. Fossum, P. Solemdal, S. Sundby and S. Tilseth, 1990. "Environmental Influence on Recruitment and Biomass Yields in the Norwegian Sea Ecosystem", in. Sherman, K; Alexander, L. M. and Gold, B. (eds.), Large Marine Ecosystems: Patterns, Processes, and Yields (Washington, D. C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science) pp.19-35.  
 
Fiksen, Ø., A. C. W. Utne, D. L. Aksnes, K. Eiane, J. V. Helvik and S. Sundby. 1998. Modelling the influence of light, turbulence and ontogeny on ingestion rates in larval cod and herring. Fisheries Oceanography 7:354-363.
 
Fiksen, Ø., MacKenzie, B. R. 2002.  Process-based models of feeding and prey selection in larval fish.  Marine Ecology Progress Series 243: 151-164.
 
Finn, R.N., Ronnestad, I., van der Meeren, T. and Fyhn, H.J. (2002) Fuel and metabolic scaling during the early life stages of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 243:217-234.
 

Fogarty, M.J. 1993. Recruitment in randomly varying environments. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 50:247-260.

Galbraith, P.S., Browman H.I., Racca R.G., Skiftesvik A.B., Saint-Pierre, J.F., 2004 Effect of turbulence on the energetics of foraging in Atlantic cod Gadus morhua larvae. Mar Ecol. Prog. Ser. 281:241-257.

Gallager, S.M. 1995. Grazing rates of cod larvae feeding on protozoa during March, 1995. GLOBEC Cruise Report #EN264.

Gallager. S.M., I von Herbing, L Davis and P Altalo. 1996. Yolk-sac larvae ingest micro-zooplankton exclusively from natural plankton assemblages on Georges Bank. EOS, 76, pOS196.

Gallego, A., Heath, M.R., Basford, D. J., MacKenzie, B.R. 1999. Variability in growth rates of larval haddock in the northern North Sea. Fisheries Oceanography 8: 77-92.

Garrison L.P., Michaels W., Link J.S., Fogarty M.J. (2000) Predation risk on larval gadids by

pelagic fish in the Georges Bank ecosystem. I. Spatial overlap associated with hydrographic features. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 57:2455-2469.

Garrison L.P., Michaels W., Link J.S., Fogarty M.J. (2002) Spatial distribution and overlap between icthyoplankton and pelagic fish and squids on the southern flank of Georges Bank. Fisheries Oceanography 11: 267-285.

Haidvogel DB, Beckmann A (1999) Numerical Ocean Modelling. Imperial College Press, London.

Haidvogel DB, Arango HG, Hedstrom K, Beckmann A, Malanotte-Rizzoli P, Shchepetkin AF (2000) Model evaluation experiments in the North Atlantic Basin: Simulations in nonlinear terrain-following coordinates. Dyn Atmos Oceans 32: 239-281.

Heath, M. and A. Gallego (1997) From the biology of the individual to the dynamics of the population: bridging the gap in fish early life stages. J. Fish Biol., (Suppl. A):1-29.

Heath MR, Gallego A. 1998. Biophysical modelling of the early life stages of haddock (Melanogrammus aelgefinus) in the North Sea. Fisheries Oceanography 7:110-125.

 
Helle, K. and M. Pennington. 1999. The relation of the spatial distribution of early juvenile cod (Gadus morhua L.) in the Barents Seam to zooplankton density and water flux during the period 1978-1984. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 56:15-27. 

Huse, I. (1994) Feeding at different illumination levels in larvae of three marine teleost species: cod, Gadus morhua L., plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L., and turbot, Scophthalmus maximus L. Aquacult. Fish. Manage., 25:687-695.

Kalnay E, Kanamitsu M, Kistler R, Collins W, Deaven D, Gandin L, Iredell M, Saha S, White G, Woollen J, Zhu Y, Chelliah M, Ebisuzaki W, Higgins W, Janowiak J, Mo KC, Ropelewski C, Wang J, Leetma A, Reynolds R, Jenne R, Joseph D (1996) The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull Amer Met Soc 77(3): 437-471.

Kane, J. (1984) The feeding habits of co-occurring cod and haddock larvae from Georges Bank. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 16:9-20.

Large WG, McWilliams JC, Doney SC (1994) Oceanic vertical mixing: A review and a model with a non-local boundary layer parameterization. Rev Geophys 32: 10937-10954

Lapolla, A. and L.J. Buckley. (2005) Hatch date distributions of young-of-year haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) in the Gulf of Maine/Georges Bank region: implications to recruitment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 290:239-249.

Laurence, G.C. 1978. Comparative growth, respiration and delayed feeding abilities of larval cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) as influenced by temperature during laboratory studies. Mar. Biol. 50: 1-7.

Laurence, G.C. 1985. A report on the development of stochastic models of food limited growth and survival of cod and haddock larvae. In Growth and survival of larval fishes in relation to the trophodynamics of Georges Bank cod and haddock. Edited by G.C. Laurence and R.G. Lough. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-F/NEC-36. pp. 83-150.

Lough, R.G. and G.R. Bolz. 1989. The movement of cod and haddock larvae onto the shoals of Georges Bank. J. Fish Biol. 35(Supp. A), 71-79.

Lough, R.G., W.G. Smith, F.E. Werner, J.W. Loder, F.E. Page, C.G. Hannah, C.E. Naimie, R.I. Perry, M. Sinclair and D.R. Lynch (1994). Influence of wind-driven advection on interannual variability in cod egg and larval distributions on Georges Bank: 1982 vs 1985. ICES mar. Sci. Symp., 198, 356-378.

Lough RG, Mountain DG (1996) Effect of small-scale turbulence on feeding rates of larval cod and haddock in stratified water on Georges Bank. Deep-Sea Res II 43:1745-1772.
 

Lough, R.G., E.M. Caldarone, L.J. Buckley, E.A. Broughton, M.R. Kiladis and B.R. Burns (1997) A comparative study of feeding, condition and growth of larval cod and haddock on southern Georges Bank. ICES Annual Science Conference, 25-30 September 1997, Baltimore, MD, USA. ICES C.M. 1997/T:41.

 
Lough, R.G., and J.P. Manning. 2001. Tidal-front entrainment and retention of fish larvae on the southern flank of Georges Bank. Deep-Sea Res. II 48: 631-644.
 
Lough, R.G., L.J. Buckley, F.E. Werner, J.A. Quinlan, and K. Pehrson-Edwards (2005) A general biophysical model of larval cod growth applied to populations on Georges Bank. Fish. Oceanogr.  In press. 
 
MacKenzie, B.R. and T. Kiørboe (1995) Turbulence-enhanced prey encounter rates in larval fish: effects of spatial scale, larval behaviour and size.  Journal of Plankton Research 17: 2319-2331.
 

MacKenzie, B.R. and T. Kiørboe (2000) Larval fish feeding and turbulence: a case for the downside. Limnol. Oceanogr., 45:1-10.

Madin, L.P. and Bollens, S.M. and Horgan, E.F. and Butler, M. and Runge, J. and Sullivan, B.K. and MacPhee, G. and Durbin, E. and Durbin, A.G. and Van Kueren, D. and Plourde, S. and Bucklin, A. and M.E. Clarke, 1996. Voratious planktonic hydroids: unexpected predatory impact on a coastal marine ecosystem. Deep-sea Research II 43, pp. 1823-1829.

 
McGillicuddy, D. J. Jr. and A. Bucklin. 2002. Intermingling of two Pseudocalanus species on Georges Bank. J. Mar. Res. 60: 583–604.
 

Mountain D, Berrian P, Sibunka J (2003) Distribution, abundance and mortality of cod and haddock eggs and larvae on Georges Bnk in 1995 and 1996. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 263:247-260.

NEFSC. 2002. Assessment of 20 Northeast groundfish Stocks through 2001. Northeast Fisheries Science Center ref. Doc. 02-16, Woods Hole, MA

* Niehoff, B. and J. A. Runge. (2003). A revised methodology for prediction of egg production of the marine planktonic copepod, Calanus finmarchicus from preserved samples. J. Plankton. Research. 25: 1581-1587

* Ohman, M.D., J.A. Runge, E.G. Durbin, D.B. Field, and B. Niehoff. 2002. On birth and death in the sea. Hydrobiologia. 480:55-68.

* Ohman, M. D., K., Eiane, E.G. Durbin, J.A. Runge and H.-J. Hirche. 2004. A comparative study of Calanus finmarchicus mortality patterns in five localities in the North Atlantic. ICES J. Mar. Sci. 61: 687-697.

Oki T, Sud YC (1998) Design of Total Runoff Integrating Pathways (TRIP): A global river channel network. Earth Interactions 2.

Otterlei E, Nyhammer G, Folkvord A, Stefansson SO. 1999. Temperature and size dependent growth of larval and juvenile cod (Gadus morhua L.) - a comparative study between Norwegian coastal cod and Northeast Arctic cod. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 56:2099-2111.

Ottersen G., and Loeng, H. , 2000, Covariability in early growth and year-class strength of Barents Sea cod, haddock and herring: The environmental link. ICES J. mar. Sci., 57: 339-348.

Page, FH, Sinclair M, Naimie CE, Loder JW, Losier RJ, Berrien PL, Lough RG. 1999. Cod and haddock spawning on Georges Bank in relation to water residence times. Fisheries Oceanography 8:212-226.

Peck, M.A. and L.J. Buckley (2005) Measurements of routine metabolism in larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua): Implications for individual-based modeling. J. Fish. Biol. Submitted.

 
Platt, T., C. Fuentes-Yaco, and K.T. Frank. 2003. Spring algal bloom and larval fish survival. Nature 423:398-399. 

Quinlan, J.A., F.E. Werner, S. Gallager, R.G. Lough and L.J. Buckley (1997) Modeling the role of microzooplankton grazing in the feeding environment of yolk-sac cod larvae. ICES Annual Science Conference, 25-30 September 1997, Baltimore, MD, USA. ICES C.M. 1997/T:15.

 
* Runge, J.A., P.J.S. Franks, W.C. Gentleman, B.A. Megrey, K.A. Rose, F.E. Werner and B. Zakardjian. (2004) Diagnosis and prediction of variability in secondary production and fish recruitment processes: developments in physical-biological modelling. Chapter 13, In The Global Coastal Ocean: Multi-Scale Interdisciplianary Processes, The Sea: Vol. 13, 413-473.
 

* Runge, J.A., J.A. Quinlan, E. Durbin, C. Werner, G. Lough, L. Buckley, E. Caldarone, L. Incze, J. Manning, D. Mountain, B. Niehoff, S. Plourde (2000) The effect of spatial and temporal variation in zooplankton concentrations on larval cod growth and survival on Georges Bank: a sensitivity analysis based on modelling and observations. ICES Annual Science Conference, 27-30 September 2000, Brugge, Belgium, ICES C.M. 2000/M:17, 1-10.

Shchepetkin, AF, McWilliams JC (2003) A method for computing horizontal pressure-gradient force in an oceanic model with a nonaligned vertical coordinate. J Geophys Res., 108(C3), doi:10.1029/2001JC001047

Serchuck FM, Grosslein MD, Lough RG, Mountain DG, O'Brien L (1994) Fishery and environmental factors affecting trends and fluctuations in the Georges Bank and Gulf of Maine Atlantic cod stocks: an overview. ICES Mar Sci Symp 198:77-109 

Song Y, Haidvogel D (1994) A semi-implicit ocean circulation model using a generalized topography-following coordinate system. J Comput Phys 115: 228-244.

Smith, W. G. and W. W. Morse. 1985. Retention of larval haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus in the Georges Bank region, a gyre-influenced spawning area. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 24, 1-13.

Steele M, Morley R, Ermold W (2001) A global ocean hydrography with a high quality Arctic Ocean. J Climate 14: 2079-2087.

Stenseth, N.C., A. Mysterud, G. Otterson, J.W. Hurrell, K-S. Chan, and M. Lima. 2002. Ecological effects of climate fluctuations. Science 297:1292-1296.

Sullivan, B.K. and C.J. Meise, 1996. Invertebrate predators of zooplankton on Georges Bank, 1977-1987. Deep-sea Research II 43, pp. 1503-1519.

 
Sundby, S. 2000. Recruitment of Atlantic cod stocks in relation to temperature and advection of copepod populations. Sarsia 85:277-298. 
 
Sundby, S., H. Bjorke, A.V. Soldal and S. Olsen (1989) Mortality rates during the early life stages and year class strength of northeast Arctic cod. Rapports et Procs-Verbaux de Reunions du Cons. Int. Pour l’Expl. De la Mer, 191 :351-358.
 
Sundby, S. and P. Fossum (1990) Feeding conditions of Arcto-Norwegian cod larvae compared to the Rothschild-Osborne theory on small scale turbulence and plankton contact rates. J. Plankton Res., 12:1153-1162.
 
Sundby, S. (2005) GLOBEC Norway Annual Science Meeting 2005. In: GLOBEC International Newsletter, vol. 11, no. 1, p1 and p. 15-32.
 
Suthers, I.M. and S. Sundby (1996) Role of the midnight sun: comparative growth of pelagic juvenile cod (Gadus morhua) from the Arcto-Norwegian and a Nova Scotian stock. J. Marine Science, 53:827-837.

Vikebø, F., Sundby, S., Ǻdlandsvik, B. and Fiksen, Ø. 2005. The combined effect of transport and temperature on distribution and growth of larvae and pelagic juveniles of Arcto- Norwegian cod. ICES Journal of Marine Science, in press.

Warner JC, Sherwood CR, Arango HG, Signell RP (2005) Performance of four turbulence closure methods implemented using a generic length scale method. Ocean Modelling 8: 81-113.

Werner, F.E., F.H. Page, D.R. Lynch, J.W. Loder, R.G. Lough, R.I. Perry, D.A. Greenberg and M.M. Sinclair (1993) Influence of mean 3-D advection and simple behavior on the distribution of cod and haddock early life stages on Georges Bank. Fisheries Oceanography, 2:43-64.

Werner, F.E., R.I. Perry, B.R. MacKenzie, R.G. Lough and C.E. Naimie (1995) Larval Trophodynamics, Turbulence, and Drift on Georges Bank: A Sensitivity Analysis of Cod and Haddock. ICES Annual Science Conference, 21-26 September 1995, Aalborg, Denmark, ICES C.M. 1995/Q:26, 1-15.

Werner, F.E., R.I. Perry, R.G. Lough and C.E. Naimie (1996) Trophodynamic and Advective Influences on Georges Bank Larval Cod and Haddock. Deep Sea Research II, 43, 1793-1822.

* Werner, F.E., R.G. Lough, J.A. Quinlan, L.J. Buckley, E. Durbin, L.S. Incze and J.A. Runge (2000) Modeling growth of larval cod and haddock on Georges Bank: a synthesis of observations and model results for Spring 1995. ICES Annual Science Conference, 27-30 September 2000, Brugge, Belgium, ICES C.M. 2000/M:24, 1-9.

* Werner, F.E., B.R. MacKenzie, R.I. Perry, R.G. Lough, C.E. Naimie, B.O. Blanton and J.A. Quinlan (2001) Larval trophodynamics, turbulence, and drift on Georges Bank: a sensitivity analysis of cod and haddock. Scientia Marina, vol. 65, Suppl. 1, 99-115.

* Werner, F.E., A. Aretxabaleta and K. Pehrson-Edwards (2004) Modeling marine ecosystems and their environmental forcing. In: Marine Ecosystems and Climate Variation, edited by Stenseth, Ottersen, Hurrell and Belgrano. UK: Oxford Univ Press, pp. 33-46.

Winemiller, K.O. and K.A. Rose (1993) Why do fish produce so many tiny offspring? American Naturalist 142:585-603.