Three Main Biological Effects of MPAs “Reserve Effects” = higher density in closed areas, demographic shifts, reproductive output increased, potentially resulting in: “Spill Over” = net movement out of adults (apart from ontogenetic or other non-density related movements) A Really Big Question: Is there a “Fatal Attraction” of fishing effort to reserve boundaries, seeking spillover? “ Export” = net export of larvae or juveniles to open areas Fisheries benefit from permanently closed areas via Spillover, Export, or overall reductions in fishing rate