Space (m)
Retrospective Analysis
Broad-Scale Observations
Process-Oriented Studies
10
-4
10
-2
10
0
10
2
10
4
10
6
10
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
mm
cm
m
km
100 km
1,000,000 km
min
hour
day
week
month
year
decade
century
millennium
Upwelling
Gyres
Currents (w)
Fronts (w)
Thermohaline
Conveyor
Circulation
Modeling