S1: Uptake (P on N)
S1=μmaxf(I)f(N)f(T)P
S2: Grazing (Z on P)
S2=gmaxf(P)f(T)Z
S3: Loss of P
S3=λ P
S4: Remineral. of D
S4=εD
S5: Loss of Z
S5=mZ2
N
P
Z
D
S1
S2
S3
S4
βS2
γS5
S5
Text Box: (1-α-β)S2
(1-α-β)S2
αS2
Eggs
Nauplii
Copepodids
Adults
Copepod Population    4-Stage (ENCA)
Lower Food Web