Georges Bank Stratification Study
1993 Data Report
ALBATROSS IV 9306
? -?? May 1993
December 8, 2004
M. Taylor
J. Manning
T. Rotunno
D. Mountain
G. Lough
Funding provided by NOAA's Climate and Global Change Program under the Marine Ecosystem
Response Program
Table of Contents
Acknowlegements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
List of Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
SAMPLING SYSTEMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
ShipBoard. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Mooring. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Drifting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
METHODS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Sampling Operations
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Processing Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
RESULTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Physical Oceanography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Biology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
DISCUSSION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
CONCLUSIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Table 1. Brief Listing of Events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Table 2. Mooring statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Table 3. Listing of MOCNESS hauls by site.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Table 4. MOCNESS physical data/station information.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Table 5. Summary of samples taken for biochemistry/molecular biology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
APPENDIX 1. Detailed Event Log . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
APPENDIX 2. Transect Log.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
APPENDIX 3. Grid Log.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
APPENDIX 4. Naming Conventions and archive access. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
APPENDIX 5. Personnel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Acknowlegements
List of Figures Appended
Figure 1. Station map of operations on AL9306
Figure 2. Drifter and mooring instrument configuration.
Figure 3. Time series of wind and detided current.
Figure 4. Time series of temperature as measured on mooring.
Figure 5. Time series of salinity as measured on mooring.
Figure 6. Evolution of water column structure and time series of wind.
Figure 8. Trajectory of the VMCM measured current.
Figure 10b. CTD positions on AL9306 with station numbers posted
Figure 11. Surface and bottom temperature measured on AL9306.
Figure 12. Surface and bottom salinity measured on AL9306.
Figure 13. Surface temperature anomaly and surface temperature anomaly normalized.
Figures 14-18. AL9306 cross sections
Figure 19. Station Positions on cruise AL9306.
Figure 20. Surface and bottom temperature measured on AL9306.
Figure 21. Surface temperature anomaly.and surface temperature anomaly normalized.
Figure 22. Surface and bottom salinity measured on AL9306.
Figures 23-39. Al9306 cross-sections.
Figure 45. Satellite figures for May 6 and 21, 1992.
Figure 46. Length frequencies and #fish per haul.
Figure 47. Relative catch per tow on AL9306 Bongo survey.
Figure 48. MOCNESS length frequency distributions.
Figure 49. AL9306- egg distribution at the mixed site.
Figure 50. AL9306- cod distribution at the mixed site.
Figure 51. AL9306- haddock distribution at the mixed site.
Figure 52. AL9306- egg distribution at the stratified site.
Figure 53. AL9306- cod distribution at the stratified site.
Figure 54. AL9306- haddock distribution at the stratified site.
Figure 55. AL9306- egg distribution by stage at the site S.
Figure 56. AL9306- egg distribution at the drifter site.
Figure 57. AL9306- cod distribution at the drifter site.
Figure 58. AL9306- haddock distribution at the drifter site.
Figure 59. AL9306- egg distribution by stage at the drifter site.
Figure 60. AL9306- egg distribution at the Western site.
Figure 61. AL9306- cod distribution at the Western site.
Figure 62. AL9306- haddock distribution at the Western site.
Figure 63. AL9306- egg distribution at the Great South Channel.
Figure 64. AL9306- cod distribution at the Great South Channel.
Figure 65. AL9306- haddock distribution at the GSC site.
Figure 68. NOAA Buoy Air temperature and seasurface temperature.
INTRODUCTION
In late spring 1992, three cruises were conducted as part of the NOAA Climate and Global
Change, Marine Ecosystem Response Program study entitled: Stratification variability on Georges
Bank and its effect on larval fish survival. The study was conducted by researchers from the
Northeast Fisheries Science Center (NMFS), the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the
Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences. The field sampling for the study was accomplished by
coordinated sampling from two research vessels, ALBATROSS IV (2 legs) and R/V ENDEAVOR.
The objectives of these cruises were to test and intercalibrate a variety of sampling systems
for determining the distribution and abundance of larval fish and their planktonic prey in relation to
hydrographic conditions. An additional objective was to test and evaluate different sampling
strategies that could be used in future field operations. Tissue samples were collected by NMFS
scientists from Narragansett, RI to compare biochemical indices of larval growth and condition to
the observed prey abundance and hydrographic conditions.
The purpose of this report is to document the data collected by the Woods Hole NMFS scientists
on the ALBATROSS cruises AL9306II and AL9306 (Apr 27 - May 7 and May 18 - 29,
respectively). It is intended for collaborating scientists as a first step in the process of merging
datasets. The sampling systems are described and the data is summarized in the form of basic
statistics (tables and graphs). The discussion section is limited to brief notes on the significant
unplanned observations of a) the appearance of Scotian Shelf Water, b) a wind event, and c) small
small structure of the fluorescence signal. A description of the archived data and the procedure to
access that data are included in an appendix.
SAMPLING SYSTEMS
ShipBoard
The primary shipboard sampling systems used during this cruise to accomplish the above
objectives were:
MOCNESS: Multiple Opening/Closing Net and Environmental Sensing Systems with 1 m2
(0.333-mm mesh nets) and 1/4 m2 (0.064-mm mesh nets) mouth openings and each equipped
with 9 nets and conductivity/temperature/depth measuring packages (identified as MOC1 and
MOC1/4, respectively). The MOCNESS systems were deployed on the port side using the
boom.
Seabird Electronics Seacat Model 19 CTD (Profiler): a conduc-tivity, temperature, and depth
measuring instrument with a sampling rate of 2 observations/second. During a bongo haul,
the Profiler was attached above the bongo frame and towed double - obliquely through the
water. When a bongo haul was not required, the Profiler was deployed vertically through the
water column. The conductivity cell is "free - flushed."
MK5 CTD: a Conductivity/Temperature/Depth measuring system equipped with a
fluorometer and rosette water sampler. The MK5 CTD was deployed from the starboard
hydrographic A-frame for both vertical profiles while the vessel was stationary and for tow-yo sampling while the vessel steamed at 2.5 knots. A total of 452 CTD profiles were made
(counting down and up casts separately) on AL9306.
Near real time satellite: Satellite derived SST was sent to the ship via radio transmission at
300 baud.
Moored
A physical oceanographic mooring with instruments to measure the temperature, salinity and current
in the upper 50 m of the water column was deployed to monitor the vertical structure in the water
column during the sampling period.
VACM: Vector Averaging Current Meters were attached at 15m and 45m to record current
velocity and temperature 16 times per hour.
RBR Temperature Loggers (TPODS): Single channel temperature loggers (model series
XL-105) used in fixed mode of operation as part of the moored array. Temperature
observations were recorded every 2 minutes of their deployment. Instruments were attached
at 5, 25, and 35 meters.
Seabird Electronics Seacat Model 16: Internally recording temperature / conductivity
instruments intended for fixed mooring operations. The conductivity cell is "free - flushed"
(i.e. no mechanical pumping of water through the cell). The moored Seacats recorded
temperature and conductivity observations every 2 minutes of their deployment. Instruments
were attached at 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 meters.
Drifting
Loran-C Buoy Marker Buoy: This instrument, manufactured by Seimac Limited and loaned
to us by Art Allen of USCG Research and Development Lab, received Loran radio signals
at a user defined setting (we used 30 minutes) and transmitted the time delays via VHF radio
to the ship.
The systems listed above and reported on within this report are those used by the NMFS scientist.
The other systems deployed during the cruise by Woods Hole Oceanographic scientist are the Greene
Bomber (a dual beam acoustic system towed behind the ship) and the BIOSPAR (Bioacoustic
Sensing Platform and Relay, a dual-beam biological echo sounder and satlellite and radio
commuincations system mounted on a spar buoy).
METHODS
Sampling Operations
In preparation for the subsequent cruise (May 18-29, 1992), the Fisheries Oceanography
Investigation conducted four experiments while aboard the ALBATROSS IV from April 27 - May
8, 1992. The first three were instrument tests.
The General Oceanics "Mark5" CTD
, deployed for the first time at sea, worked as expected
but cast were limited due to problems associated with the conductive cable and connection to the
unit. The second instrument test, that of a SEIMAC Loran-C Marker Buoy, also had a few problems.
The high-flyer/drogue that was attached to the instrument tended to drag the unit along causing the
antennae to lean away from a vertical position. The Loran-C Canadian chains (#5930) the instrument
was receiving were different and probably not as strong as the American chain (#9960) typically used
by the ship. Finally, the radar signal from a reflector mounted on the high flyer was not strong
enough to be distinguished from background sea clutter.
On three occassions MOCNESS hauls were conducted in order to test recent modifications of
hardware and software as well as to provide training sessions for MOCNESS operators. Two hauls
were done in the stratified region and one in the mixed region.
The final experiment of AL9306, an oceanographic survey of the temperature and salinity
distribution, was successful. An anomalous stream of Scotian Shelf Water (cold 3˚C & fresh 31.6
ppt) was observed and tracked along the entire southwestern flank of Georges Bank. A total of 31
Seabird CTD casts, including three cross-bank sections, were conducted.
During the first three days (19-21 May 1992) of the second cruise (AL9306) a survey was
conducted to locate cod and haddock larvae on the southern flank of Georges Bank and to provide
an initial indication of the hydrographic conditions in the region. A bongo-net (61-cm dia., 0.333-mm & 0.505-mm nets) equipped with a Seabird CTD profiler was used on 35 stations (5-10 mile
spacing) between the 50 and 100 m isobaths.
From the survey information a site was chosen for deployment of the physical oceanographic
mooring, the BIOSPAR mooring, and the drifters (Figures 1 and 2). This site (80m bottom depth)
was selected to be in the region of the bank which characteristically has a stratified water column.
It is identified as the stratified site (S) . A second site (49m bottom depth) was selected in the
characteristically well-mixed, shallow portion of the bank nearest to the site S. This site is referred
to as the mixed site (M).
The physical oceanographic mooring deployed at site S on May 21 (40° 42.49' N, 67°
52.33 W) and the BIOSPAR mooring was then deployed nearby (40° 42.24 N, 67° 51.47' W), within
0.7 miles of each other. After deployment of the moorings, three drifters were deployed near the site
S in an equilateral triangular pattern 2 miles on a side. The drifters consisted of a highflyer with
radar reflector and light and a 6m long holey sock drogue tethered to 10m depth. One drifter also
had a Loran-C buoy tethered to it (Figure 2a). The vessel had a VHF receiving unit to track the
buoy's position. The three drifters formed a third site, the Drifting site (D) which was expected to
drift southwest away from the site S during the course of the study.
At the three sites two different sampling schemes were conducted. The first was called a
"site transect" which extended from 2 miles south to two miles north of the site (essentially across
isobath). A MOC1 tow was made starting at the southern end and towed toward the site. After it
was completed the vessel returned to the southern end of the transect and a CTD Tow-Yo was made
along the 4 miles section at 2.5 knots with profiles every 5 minutes (approximately 0.2 mile spacing).
The Greene Bomber was towed during both MOC1 and Tow-Yo. On some occasions a MOC1/4
tow was made at the completion of the Tow-Yo. Between May 21 to May 24, three site transects
were completed at each of the three sites, including day - night comparisons at the sites S and M.
Three of the site transects were conducted jointly with R/V ENDEAVOR for intercomparison of
systems on the two vessels and for a more complete sampling of the water column by the full suite
of available instrument systems.
The second sampling operation was the fine scale "grids". These are attempts to survey a
square mile of ocean in a Lagrangian sense. In other words, our objective was to map the physical
and biological variables relative to the moving water mass assuming a slab like advection over a 3-4
hours of the tidal cycle. The sampling was conducted on nominally 6 transects that were one mile
long and 0.2 miles apart. In some cases, R/V ENDEAVOR simultaneously ran grid lines offset by
0.1 miles for the ALBATROSS IV grid so that the combined effort sampled the square mile of water
with a transect spacing of 0.1 miles. The movement of the water during the sampling had to be taken
into account in order to sample the intended parcel of water. The tidal currents are often greater than
50 cm sec-1 and, over the 4 hours required to conduct the sampling, would displace the parcel of
water a distance three to four times greater than the size of the square. To compensate for movement
during the sampling, a drifting buoy (with drogue at 15 meters) was used as a reference marker and
all grid lines were positioned relative to the drifter at the time the lines were run. The Greene
Bomber was deployed on all grid lines. A MOC1 tow was conducted on the first and last lines. A
CTD Tow-Yo was conducted on the second through fifth lines with profiles every 3 minutes (for an
approximate along-track spacing of 200m). Four grids were completed by ALBATROSS, three of
which were conducted with Endeavor (see Appendix 3: Grid Log). The Endeavor conducted one grid
alone (Grid #2).
In order to reference the position of samples relative to the moving parcel of water the
following procedure, as suggested by Captain Dean Smehil, was used on Grid #'s 4 & 5. The
proposed one mile grid pattern was drawn on the ALBATROSS IV radar screen with a grease pen.
The ship was simply steered such that the signal from the drifter's reflector traced out the pattern on
the screen.
The location of the three sites and a summary of the operations conducted at each site is
shown in Figure 1.
Some "longer transects" of observations also were occupied. These included two Tow-Yo
transects with the Greene Bomber between the site S and M, with CTD profiles every kilometer. An
along isobath transect of CTD stations every 5 miles was occupied from 25 miles northeast to 20
miles southeast of the site S. Transects also were occupied near the western end of Georges Bank
and across the eastern side of Great South Channel. These transects included sampling by MOC1,
Greene Bomber and the MK5 CTD.
On four occasions the vessel's small boat was used to come alongside BIOSPAR in order to
reprogram the instrument's operating system. On two occasions the Greene Bomber was deployed
with the vessel drifting near BIOSPAR for an intercomparison between the two systems.
The physical oceanographic mooring and the BIOSPAR mooring were recovered on the
morning of May 27. The Loran-C drifting buoy was recovered on the morning of May 28 (40 28.4N,
69 05.9W) . (The other two drifters were recovered on the morning of May 24, after they separated
some distance from the Loran-C buoy and could not be easily tracked by themselves.)
A chronological listing of the operations conducted during this cruise, with time and position
information, is provided in short form in Table 1 and in detail in Appendix 1. A transect log and grid
log are included as Appendix 2 and 3, respectively.
Processing Operations
MOCNESS and most bongo samples have been sorted and identified for fish larvae, eggs,
and zooplankton. Fish larvae were measured to the nearest tenth millimeter and all lengths were
converted to live lengths using Bolz and Lough (1983) algorithm. All data includes lengths of larval
fish specimens taken for biochemical analysis. Copepods and fish eggs from selected MOCNESS
hauls have been stages according to life history traits. Depth distributions have been plotted using
total numbers, however, means and standard deviations have been calculated for each haul. Weighted
mean depth was calculated for fish eggs and larvae using the following formula:
wmd = Σproduct/Σdensity
where Σproduct = midpoint of depth interval * density of specimens. When more than one depth
profile was performed during a haul, each depth profile was considered be be either an up or down
haul. Separate sets of analysis were performed for each type of haul (i.e. up or down). Day and night
distributions have been calculated for selected MOCNESS hauls at stratified, drifter, and mixed sites.
Density distributions of fish eggs and larvae have been calculated using MOCNESS volume data.
Depth distribution of MOCNESS temperature, salinity and sigma-t measurements have been
calculated by using the haul start time from the MOCNESS data log and then subsequently adding
to it the duration of the time each net was tripped (taken from the MOCNESS computer running
time). Raw environmental data from the MOCNESS is missing for MOCNESS hauls 986 and 987.
The Seabird PROFILER (CTD) records were bin-averaged to 1m using Seabird "BINAVG"
software. The salinity data was corrected using water samples collected by water bottles and
analyzed on an AUTOSAL in the laboratory. Seabird PROFILER data was contoured at sea using
Golden Software's SURFER routines in combination with our SURFDR.BAT routine on a 486
machine. The horizontal contour maps presented herein were generated back at the lab using
SURFACE3 on the VAX. The vertical sections are SURFER outputs.
The General Oceanics MarkV CTD was deployed 246 times. The General Oceanics software
"CTDPOST" was used to generate 1 meter bin averages. A correction of .005 PSU was applied to
the CTD salinity data after calibration with Niskin bottle samples. In order to merge position, water
depth, and other "header" information with the pressure, temperature, salinity, and fluorometry,
several processing steps were developed. Analogous to the "SURFDR.BAT" system for processing
SEABIRD data on the PC, we developed a MATLAB routine called "LOOKAT.M" to process/view
data on the UNIX machine. This routine conducts the entire process (using several call functions)
from merging General Oceanics ".PRS" files with ship position files ("NB2NODC.F") to generating
contoured sections ("BARNES.M").
Contouring the Mark V CTD data was done by BARNES.M, a pseudo-objective mapping
routine that iteratively grids unequally spaced data (Barnes, 1974). By changing the search radius
with each iteration depending on the difference between observed and estimated values, the gridded
field is improved. Estimates of error due to the gridding operation could be calculated and are
reported along with the figures.
The Lagrangian coordinates for the grid paths were calculated differently for different grids
depending on whether we a) were near the mooring, b) were near the drifter, and c) used the "grease
pen" technique. Grids #1 and #2 were near the drifter. In these cases we processed the 30 minute
position file from the LoranC drifter through two Fortran programs to linearly interpolated to one
minute intervals ("interp.exe") and calculate distances (KMs) relative to the start of the grid
("dist.exe"). The "start of the grid" was set to be the time and place the first instrument went over
the side of ALBATROSS. This "XYT" file along with that of the ship became input to another
fortran routine "LAGRD.EXE" to obtain the back calculated Lagrangian positions. Lagrangian
positions for Grid #3 (conducted with the Endeavor near the mooring) were calculated using
observations of the VACM at 15m. By running the output of the Buoy Group program
"BARRAY.com" through "LAGRIDCM" , the desired result was obtained. For Grids 4 and 5, the
"grease pen" method was used. In the the grease pen cases we recorded the ships time and position
at the beginning, middle, and end of each leg as well as the drifters range and bearing. This data was
input to a routine called "NEWPOS.EXE" which calculated the drifter positions. After interpolation
to one minute intervals, calculation of distances relative to the start, and execution of
"LAGRD.EXE", the Lagrangian positions were obtained.
The initial processing of the VACM records was done by Fran Hotchkiss at USGS. This
including the standard WHOI edited and checking routines (Tarbell et al., 1988). The output was
stored in BUOY format on the VAX. The data were transferred to ascii format and post-processed
using PC-MATLAB routines. Low-pass filtering was done using a 33-hr 3rd order Butterworth filter.
The five moored Seabird SEACAT records and three Branker temperature probe records were hourly
averaged. Despiking of the data was unnecessary.
The Loran-C buoy data was automatically stored on disk using a PROCOMM communication
software at sea. This file was used to monitor the drifter track. Recorded time delays were simply
entered into the Northstar Loran console in order to convert to latitude and longitude. The time
delays were also stored continually (and with more reliability) within the instrument. Back at the lab,
these values were first hand edited to remove bad points due to radio transmission noise and
interference. The clean time delay file was then run through a set of three Fortran programs: 1)
PREPLNAV.FOR reformats the data for the standard 2) LORNAV.FOR routine which converts the
values to geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) and 3) BLANK3.FOR converts lat and lon
to decimal degrees. The 9960 Loran chains W & Y were used in the lat/lon conversion. The output
of these routines were then run through a MATLAB plotting routine (PROVEC.M).
A data acquisition system called the Scientific Computing System (SCS) developed by engineers
at Atlantic Marine Center (AMC) was in its first year of operation on the ALBATROSS IV. It
provides the scientists with continuous records of position, ship speed/direction, wind
speed/direction, air temperature, and several other variables. This dataset was processed back at the
lab in a series of steps including 1) COMPRESS.FOR, 2) READ_COMPRESS.FOR (routines
provided by AMC), and SUBSPOSN.FOR (our own). The position data was essential for the CTD
Tow-yo operations when the operators record "time of the cast" without position (Lat/Lon). In order
to merge the CTD Tow-yo with positions, a subprocess within the "LOOKAT.M" routine, a) creates
a ".lis" file for each transect which includes cast number and time, b) accesses the SCS ship position
file ("ap2b.dat"), and then c) merges the two.
Satellite SST records as transmitted from shore were run through a ADD_POSN.For routine
that merged temperatures with geographic grid points and then contoured with SURFER at sea.
RESULTS
Physical Oceanography:
The physical oceanographic program consisted of 1) deploying a mooring to measure the
water column structure during the course of the study, 2) deploying drifters to track for repeated
sampling of the same water parcel, and 3) CTD profiles to measure the water column structure in
connection with the other sampling programs on the cruise. Results are presented in that order.
1) Mooring
The physical oceanographic mooring is shown in Figure 2b. It contained 2 VACM current
meters, 6 SEACAT conductivity/temperature recorders and 3 Branker temperature recorders. The
deployment and recovery of the mooring were accomplished successfully except for the loss of one
SEACAT recorder
. All the recovered instruments collected good data.
The hourly averaged time series of detided velocity from the two VACM records and the
shipmounted anemometer are presented in Figure 3. Concurrent temperature and salinity records
are presented in Figure 4 and Figure 5, respectively. The temporal evolution of the water column
structure as measured by the mooring is contoured in Figure 6 including resultant wind speed in the
top panel.
2) Loran-C Buoy
As depicted in Figure 7 and Figure 8, the quality of the Loran-C Buoy fixes was variable but
sufficient for general tracking. The buoy drifted about 100 km to the WSW in 7 days ( 15 cms-1),
essentially along the isobaths. This velocity is considerably faster than would be expected for mean
conditions in this area during this time of year. Figure 8d represents the estimated track of a water
parcel at 15m depth as represented by a 3-d circulation model (Lynch et al., 1992) including wind
and residual tide (Figure 9).
3) CTD
The temperature, salinity and fluorescence data collected by the CTD systems showed
considerable structure in both the along isobath and cross isobath directions. The SEABIRD station
locations and contoured horizontal sections for both cruises AL9306 and AL9306 are presented in
Figures 10-13 and 19-22, respectively, including surface and bottom variables. In the case of
temperature, anomalies are relative to MARMAP observations (Mountain and Holzwarth, 1989) are
included as well. The SEABIRD vertical sections appear in Figures 14-18 and 23-25, respectively.
The AL9306 MarkV-CTD vertical sections (transects #5-18, see Transect Log Appendix 2) are
included cronologically as Figure 26-39. Figure 40 display these same sections by site when more
than two were conducted per site.
Grid study figures begin with a summary of cruise tracks in Figure 41 followed by detailed
tracks of each grid in Figure 42. Contoured slices of Grids 1 and 5 are presented in Figures 43 and
44, respectively.
4) Satellite SST
The two images that were received via radio transmission and contoured at sea (May 6 and
21, 1992) are shown in Figure 45.
Biology
During the initial Bongo survey, few month-old cod were collected in shoal waters on the
Southeast Part; however, a broad area of haddock and cod larvae was located on the Southwest Part
from the shoals to the 90 m isobath, centered near 68 00'Lg. The abundance of larvae was relatively
low, less than 6 larvae per Bongo-net haul was typical (Figure 46). Larval haddock were about four
times as abundant as cod. Most larvae were recently hatched, 4-5 mm SL. Both cod and haddock
were a few weeks older, 5-8 mm, and more abundant in the shoal water < 60 m depth (Figure 47).
The patch of larvae was located farther to the southwest (40-70 miles) than expected from previous
years surveys conducted in the last half of May. Perhaps the cold band of water observed in April
that moved onto the southern edge of Georges Bank displaced eggs and larvae southwest and more
onto the shoals. The cold water ( <4 °C ) also may have retarded development and induced high
mortality of the eggs and larvae.
Seven MOCNESS hauls were made at the drifter site (D), 8 at the stratified site (S), and 10
hauls at the mixed site (M) (Figure 48 and Table 3). Detailed MOCNESS information is given in
Appendix 5. Few cod or haddock larvae were collected at the stratified-water sites; most larvae
were collected at the mixed site in water < 50 m bottom depth (Figure 48). The MOCNESS vertical
profiles indicated that cod and haddock larvae were distributed broadly through the water column,
generally more abundant towards the bottom (Bar Charts Figure 49 - Figure 58). It is important to
note that no bars are plotted for depths where there was no net. The figures must be interpreted
accordingly. Haddock larvae were collected in greater numbers at depths deeper than 20 m in several
hauls. Zooplankton abundance generally appeared to be highest in the upper 40 m of the water
column. The copepod Calanus finmarchicus dominated the zooplankton hauls in stratified waters.
Along the transect occupied at the western end of the survey region (68° 20' W) five MOC1
hauls were made simultaneously with the Greene Bomber. Haddock and cod larvae (7-8 mm mode)
were collected at the shallowest stations; their abundance and vertical distribution was similar to
the previous three site study (Figure 60 - Figure 62). On the transect across the eastern side of the
Great South Channel three MOC1 hauls were made from 50-80 m bottom depth. Older haddock and
cod larvae (6-11 mm) were collected in all hauls (Figure 63 - Figure 65). The general distribution
pattern of larvae observed during the cruise is consistent with the recirculation of some fraction of
larvae on the eastern side of the Great South Channel.
Fish larvae were removed from the Bongo and MOC1 nets and preserved in alcohol or frozen
for further analysis:
Larval otolith ageing 136 cod, 179 haddock
Biochemical analysis 152 cod, 184 haddock
Isotope analysis 6 cod, 15 haddock
Grazing experiment > 100 live amphipods
A total of 182 cod and 189 haddock larvae were collected with the 1M MOCNESS and
frozen for biochemical studies. All but 2 cod and 7 haddock came from the shoal or transect sites.
Larvae were sampled from a total of 11 MOC1 hauls representing both day and night tows. Larvae
were sampled from both integrated and discrete depth nets. The majority of gadid larvae were frozen
on petri dishes in the ships freezer. Other samples were frozen in liquid nitrogen. These samples
will be analyzed for RNA and DNA content using an automated fluorescence procedure. We will
attempt to sample otoliths from these larvae. Standard length will either be measured directly or
estimated from DNA content.
Live amphipods were collected at night at the shoal site (MOC #997, nets 0, 5, 6, 7, and 8,
and MOC #1000, 1001, 1004 all nets) for Ted Durbin at URI GSO. Samples of mixed plankton,
consisting mostly (>90%) of Calanus, were frozen in liquid nitrogen for isolation of nucleic acids.
DISCUSSION
While most of our cruise went as planned, we were also fortunate to encounter some
interesting phenomenon. A very brief description of these unplanned observations are presented in
this discussion section. Detailed analysis is expected in forthcoming papers.
Scotian Shelf Washover
The temperature and salinity data on a number of transects indicate the presence of low
temperature (<4 °C) and low salinity (<32.00 PSU) in small patches or layers in the water column.
This is believed to be a remnant of a large influx of Scotian Shelf Water (SSW) onto eastern Georges
Bank which was observed in satellite images from March through June 1992 (Figure 45) and
confirmed by shipboard observations on cruise ALB 92-04 in early May. NOAA buoy 44011 SST
sensor also recorded unusally cold water from late March through the end of May (Figure 67). The
cause of this feature ,as reported by Rusham et. al., 1994 and Bisagni et al., (in prep.), may be the
unusally large St. Lawrence River runoff in the spring of 1991. The thickness of the lens as defined
by the 32 ppt isohaline varies in both the cross and along-isobath directions (Figure 66). The influx
and continued presence of SSW may have important implications for the plankton communities in
the bank, both by the unusually cold temperatures and by a westward displacement of the water on
the southern flank of the bank.
May 25 Wind Event
A slight warming period over a few days from May 22 through mid-May 24 (Figure 68)
resulted in a build up in stratification in the vicinity of the mooring site of approximately 4 degC
temperature gradient in the top 20 meters of the water column (Figure 6). This was followed by a
period of strong northeasterly winds on late May 24 (Figure 69) contributing to mixing of the upper
water column (Figure 6) as well as unusually fast westward drift of the surface waters (Figure 8a).
This observation supports the hypothesis that the onset of stratification on Georges Bank in late
spring is not a steady seasonal process but rather an intermittant addition of the sun's heat interupted
by occasional 2-3 day wind events. Examination of the NOAA Buoy 44011 wind record for the
entire month of May 1992 reveals at least three other events occurred with magnitudes similar to that
observed on May 24th and 25th. Superimposed on these wind-driven cycles are the semi-diurnal
advection of both the tidal front and the shelf-slope front. The former advection is clearly evident
in the 1992 mooring record as seen by the oscillating isopycnals in the bottom panel of Figure 6 and,
as will be demonstated in the 1993 data report (Taylor, et al. in prep), the intrusion of slope water
is possible in the lower portion of the southern flank water column.
Small Scale Fluorescence Structure
The structure of the fluorescence, assumed to be an indicator of chlorophyll-a abundance,
showed a patchy distribution that in many instances was associated with similar structure in the
temperature and salinity distributions. As depicted in the lower right panel of Figures 26-39, there
is often a subsurface maximum, especially for the those cast in the stratified area (see, for example,
Transect #14 - Figure 35), but there are horizontal gradients as well. Much of the future analysis on
this data set will be estimating the lengths scales of these patches. This requires remapping these
parameters in a Lagrangian reference frame as done in Figure 43. One such study already in progress
(Wiebe et al., 1994) relates the acoustic properties of these patches to other physical and biological
parameters.
CONCLUSIONS
While these cruises in the Spring of 1992 were meant to be "pilot studies" and instrument
"test", a large volume of data was collected to allow intercomparison of the net, towed-acoustic,
CTD, and moored systems under a variety of conditions. The joint operations with R/V
ENDEAVOR also should allow intercomparison with the video, acoustic and pumping systems on
that vessel. The ability to determine the three dimensional distribution of the organisms in relation
to hydrographic conditions on relatively short space scales is believed to be very important to the
objectives of the stratification study. The observations made on these cruises potentially provide a
significant contribution to our knowledge of the system. The ability to map a small parcel of water
that is being advected by the strong tidal currents on Georges Bank is a significant challenge but we
have made great progress in that effort. The "grid" studies in particular provide for the first time an
opportunity to conduct a interdiscinplary investigation sub-mesoscale dynamics on the southern flank
of Georges Bank. It is hoped that this report which documents little more than the time, place, and
distribution of samples may help in the intergration and synthesis of the GLOBEC field study.
REFERENCES
Barnes, S., 1974, A technique for maximizing details in numerical weather map analysis, Jour. of
Applied Meteorology, Vol 3, p.396-409.
Bisagni, J., R. Beardsley, C. Ruhsam, J. Manning, W. Williams, Historical and recent evidence
concerning the presence of Scotian Shelf Water on Southern Georges Bank , Deep Sea Research,
submitted.
Bolz, G.R. and R.Lough, 1983, Growth of larval Atlantic cod, Gadus morphua, and haddock,
Melanogrammus aeglefinus, on Georges Bank, Spring 1981. Fish. Bull. 81(4):827-836.
Lynch, D.R., F.E. Werner, D.A.Greenberg, and J. Loder, 1992, Diagnostic model for baroclinic,
wind-driven and tidal circulation in shallow seas, Cont. Shlf. Res., 12(1). pp. 37-64.
Mountain, D.G. and T.J. Holzwarth. 1989. Surface and bottom temperature distributions for the
northeast continental shelf. NOAA Tech Mem NMFS-F/NEC-73. 32pp.
Ruhsam, C., J. Bisagni, J. Manning, W. Williams, and R. Beardsley, 1994, Interannual Sea Surface
Temperature Variability on the Southern Flank of Georges Bank: Spring 1992 and 1993, EOS 75(3),
p.67.
Tarbell, S.A., A. Spencer, and E.T.Montgomery, 1988. The Buoy Group Data Processing System.
WHOI Technical Memorandum WHOI-3-88, 207 pp.
Taylor, M. and J. Manning, 1994, Georges Bank Stratification Project: 1993 Data Report, NEFSC
Lab. Reference Series, Woods Hole, Ma., In prep.
Wiebe, P.H., D. Mountain, C. Greene, G.Lough, S.Kaarvedt, Jmanning,J.Dawson,LMartin, and
N.Copley, 1994, Acoustical study of the spatial distribution of plankton on Georges Bank., Deep Sea
Res., (in prep.).
Table 1. Brief Listing of Events
Table 2. Mooring statistics. Units are degC, psu, and cm/s for temperature,salinity, and current.
TEMPERATURE
Depth Instrument Mean Stn Dev Min Max
╔════════╤═════════════╤════════╤═════════╤═════════╤═══════╗
║ 1 │ SC 1045 │ 6.92 │ 0.926 │ 5.59 │ 8.87 ║
║ 5 │ TPOD 62 │ 6.11 │ 0.459 │ 5.07 │ 7.33 ║
║ 10 │ SC 359 │ 5.52 │ 0.418 │ 4.44 │ 6.51 ║
║ 15 │ VMCM 503 │ 5.09 │ 0.465 │ 4.19 │ 6.15 ║
║ 20 │ SC 365 │ 4.56 │ 0.465 │ 3.20 │ 5.71 ║
║ 25 │ TPOD 63 │ 4.26 │ 0.369 │ 3.20 │ 5.24 ║
║ 30 │ SC 561 │ 4.15 │ 0.314 │ 3.12 │ 4.97 ║
║ 35 │ TPOD 64 │ 4.13 │ 0.264 │ 3.27 │ 4.81 ║
║ 40 │ SC 595 │ 4.13 │ 0.195 │ 3.69 │ 4.62 ║
║ 45 │ VMCM 501 │ 4.14 │ 0.169 │ 3.78 │ 4.55 ║
╚════════╧═════════════╧════════╧═════════╧═════════╧═══════╝
SALINITY
Depth Instrument Mean Stn Dev Min Max
╔════════╤═════════════╤════════╤══════════╤═════════╤═══════╗
║ 1 │ SC 1045 │ 31.88 │ 0.069 │ 31.76 │ 32.05 ║
║ 10 │ SC 359 │ 31.93 │ 0.118 │ 31.73 │ 32.20 ║
║ 20 │ SC 365 │ 32.10 │ 0.143 │ 31.78 │ 32.30 ║
║ 30 │ SC 561 │ 32.23 │ 0.112 │ 31.85 │ 32.41 ║
║ 40 │ SC 595 │ 32.32 │ 0.052 │ 31.92 │ 32.42 ║
╚════════╧═════════════╧════════╧══════════╧═════════╧═══════╝
VELOCITY
EAST
Depth Instrument Mean Stn Dev Min Max
╔═══════╤═════════════╤═════════╤══════════╤═════════╤═══════╗
║ 15 │ VMCM 503 │ -10.89 │ 20.51 │ -45.0 │ 28.3 ║
║ 45 │ VMCM 501 │ -7.05 │ 19.31 │ -40.8 │ 29.0 ║
╚═══════╧═════════════╧═════════╧══════════╧═════════╧═══════╝
NORTH
Depth Instrument Mean Stn Dev Min Max
╔═══════╤═════════════╤═════════╤══════════╤═════════╤═══════╗
║ 15 │ VMCM 503 │ 0.87 │ 26.18 │ -48.9 │ 49.7 ║
║ 45 │ VMCM 501 │ 0.63 │ 26.09 │ -51.4 │ 44.9 ║
╚═══════╧═════════════╧═════════╧══════════╧═════════╧═══════╝
SPEED
Depth Instrument Mean Stn Dev Min Max
╔═══════╤═════════════╤═════════╤══════════╤═════════╤═══════╗
║ 15 │ VMCM 503 │ 32.96 │ 11.48 │ 3.9 │ 59.4 ║
║ 45 │ VMCM 501 │ 31.82 │ 9.19 │ 5.8 │ 54.0 ║
╚═══════╧═════════════╧═════════╧══════════╧═════════╧═══════╝
Table 3. Listing of MOCNESS hauls by site.
Table 4. MOCNESS physical data/station information.
Table 5. Summary of samples taken for biochemistry/molecular biology.
MOC#S/F/D DAY NIGHT
COD HADDOCK COD HADDOCK F/N
979 F 2 7 F
980 S 28 6 F
981 S 69 42 F
985 S 19 6 F
985 S 17 11 N
993 S 9 24 F
994 S 4 5 N
997 S 18 17 F
1004 T 15 53 F
1005 T 8 13 F
1008 T 3 5 F
TOTAL 126 148 56 41
S= shoal F= freezer D= drogue
F= fixed N= liquid nitrogen T=transect
APPENDIX 1. Detailed Event Log (ALBATROSS IV 92-05, 18-29 May 1992).
Sta# CTD# Op# Start Lat Lon Description Investigation
************************* Initial Bongo Survey *************************
1 1 519.01 0600 40 47.83 67 59.92 CTD853 Mountain
1 1b 519.02 0619 40 47.47 67 59.53 Bongo/CTD853 Lough
2 2 519.03 0740 40 48.98 67 47.07 Bongo/CTD456 Lough
3 3 519.04 0905 40 53.11 67 35.19 Bongo/CTD456 Lough
3 519.05 0947 40 54.07 67 35.34 MK5 CTD tow-yow Mountain
3 519.06 1122 40 58.75 67 34.83 GB-10 (Greene Bomb) Wiebe
4 4 519.07 1500 41 01.73 67 25.51 Bongo/CTD Lough
5 5 519.08 1700 41 06.36 67 13.35 Bongo/CTD Lough
6 6w 519.09 1814 41 01.5 67 26.00 CTD456 water cast Mountain
6 6 519.10 1824 41 12.7 67 03.4 Bongo/CTD Lough
7 7 519.11 1947 41 22.8 67 00.8 Bongo/CTD Lough
8 8 519.12 2102 41 18.1 66 48.4 Bongo/CTD Lough
9 9 519.13 2236 41 09.2 66 40.4 Bongo/CTD Lough
10 10 519.14 2352 41 02.8 66 49.6 Bongo/CTD Lough
11 11 520.01 0102 40 56.7 67 00.6 Bongo/CTD Lough
12 12w 520.02 0221 40 53.7 67 13.2 CTD456 water cast Mountain
12 12 520.03 0238 40 53.7 67 13.2 Bongo/CTD Lough
13 13 520.04 0408 40 43.5 67 25.0 Bongo/CTD Lough
14 14 520.05 0510 40 42.1 67 35.1 Bongo/CTD Lough
15 15w 520.06 0628 40 38.5 67 46.9 CTD456 water cast Mountain
15 15 520.07 0641 40 38.14 67 46.68 Bongo/CTD Lough
16 16 520.08 0756 40 40.03 68 01.12 Bongo/CTD Mountain
17 17 520.09 0926 40 37.5 68 23.45 Bongo/CTD Lough
18 18 520.10 1133 40 32.0 68 00.07 Bongo/CTD Lough
19 19 520.11 1216 40 36.0 62 59.9 Bongo/CTD Lough
20 20 520.12 1310 40 41.1 67 59.5 Bongo/CTD Lough
21 21 520.13 1343 40 46.3 67 59.9 Bongo/CTD Lough
22 22 520.14 1424 40 57.1 67 59.9 Bongo/CTD Lough
23 23 520.15 1509 40 56.4 67 59.7 Bongo/CTD Lough
24 24 520.16 1557 41 01.68 67 59.56 Bongo/CTD Lough
25 25 520.17 1754 40 55.0 67 52.8 Bongo/CTD Lough
26 26 520.18 1831 40 50.86 67 49.27 Bongo/CTD Lough
27 27w 520.19 1912 40 46.61 67 46.05 Bongo/CTD Mountain
27 27 520.20 1920 40 46.57 67 45.98 Bongo/CTD Lough
27 520.21 1945 40 45.72 67 44.84 GB-11 Wiebe
28 28 520.22 2104 40 42.73 67 42.18 Bongo/CTD Lough
29 29 520.23 2151 40 37.81 67 37.48 Bongo/CTD Lough
30 30 520.24 2257 40 37.01 67 49.53 Bongo/CTD Lough
31 31 520.25 2339 40 41.63 67 50.99 Bongo/CTD Lough
32 32 521.01 0020 40 46.3 67 53.1 Bongo/CTD Lough
33 33 521.02 0133 40 43.24 68 06.25 Bongo/CTD Lough
34 34 521.03 0228 40 37.97 68 06.25 Bongo/CTD Lough
35 35 521.04 0330 40 32.57 68 06.63 Bongo/CTD Lough
******************* End of Bongo Survey ****************************
36 521.05 0823 40 42.49 67 52.33 PO Mooring Deploy Mountain
36 521.06 40 43.5 67 52.4 Biospar tethered Wiebe
36 521.07 1530 40 42.08 67 51.06 Biospar deployed Wiebe
36 521.07 1557 40 42.24 67 51.47 anchor released Wiebe
36 mv4 521.08 1616 40 41.98 67 52.47 MarkV CTD cast Mountain
37 521.09 1922 40 42.24 67 54.77 Drogue #1 released Mountain
38 521.10 1958 40 43.11 67 57.51 Drogue #2 released Mountain
39 521.11 2022 40 41.18 67 51.55 Drogue #3 released Mountain
40 521.12 2040 40 40.18 67 51.58 GB-12 Wiebe
41 521.13 2104 40 39.03 67 51.82 Moc1 #974 Lough
42 521.14 2246 40 40.90 67 52.37 GB-13 Wiebe
42 521.15 2250 40 40.90 67 52.36 MKV Tow-Yo Mountain
43 522.01 0249 40 57.46 68 01.87 GB-14 Wiebe
43 522.02 0254 40 57.69 68 01.97 Moc1 #975 Lough
43 522.03 0438 40 56.9 68 01.84 GB-15 Wiebe
43 522.04 0519 40 58.5 68 58.5 MKV Tow-yo Mountain
44 522.05 0520 40 56.26 68 02.08 Moc1/4 #976 Lough
********************** End of Well Mixed Site ************************
45 522.06 1133 40 42.26 67 51.51 Biospar Service Wiebe
********************** Beginning of Fixed Site ************************
46 522.07 1319 40 40.76 67 52.31 GB-16 Wiebe
46 522.08 1324 40 41.12 67 52.27 Moc1 #977 Lough
46 522.09 1505 40 40.54 67 52.31 GB-17 Wiebe
46 522.10 1510 40 40.64 67 52.29 MKV Tow-yo Mountain
46 522.11 1714 40 45.91 67 50.40 MOC1/4 #978 Lough
********************** End of Fixed Site *****************************
47 522.12 1817 40 42.21 67 51.24 Biospar service Wiebe
48 522.13 1923 40 41.6 67 51.5 MKV/Rossette Mountain
********************** Begin Fixed Site with ENDEVOUR *****************
49 522.14 2106 40 40.12 67 51.75 GB-18 Wiebe
49 522.15 2118 40 40.47 67 51.77 MOC1 #979 Lough
49 522.16 2309 40 40.39 67 52.72 GB-19 Wiebe
49 522.17 2314 40 40.50 67 52. MKV Tow-yo Mountain
*************************End of Fixed Site *****************************
********************* Begin Well Mixed Site ****************************
50 523.01 0241 40 58.29 68 01.95 GB-20 Wiebe
50 523.02 0259 40 58.46 68 01.98 MOC1 #980 Lough
50 523.03 0449 40 57.11 68 01.74 GB-21 Wiebe
50 523.04 0450 40 57.13 68 01.73 MKV Tow-yo Mountain
50 523.05 0646 40 59.85 68 01.44 MOC1 #981 Lough
************************* End Well Mixed Site *************************
51 523.06 0914 40 42.19 67 51.49 Biospar service Wiebe
************************** Begin Drogue Site **************************
52 523.07 1105 40 39.67 68 05.16 Drifter #1 repair Mountain
52 523.08 1121 40 38.61 68 05.32 GB-22 Wiebe
52 523.09 1125 40 38.73 68 05.38 MOC1 #982 Lough
52 523.10 1345 40 ????? 68 06.53 GB-23 Wiebe
52 523.11 1348 40 40.28 68 06.60 MKV Tow-yo Mountain
52 523.12 1525 40 45.01 68 07.09 MOC1/4 #983 Lough
**************************** End Drogue Site ************************
53 523.13 1634 40 40.83 68 07.87 Boat to ENDV
************************ Begin Drogue Site with ENDV *****************
54 523.14 1709 40 41.47 68 07.94 GB-24 Wiebe
54 523.15 1713 40 41.68 68 07.89 MOC1 #984 Lough
54 523.16 1840 40 41.31 68 07.69 GB-24 Wiebe
54 523.17 1842 40 41.3 68 07.7 MKV Tow-yo Mountain
**************************** End Drogue Site ****************************
*************************** Begin Well Mixed Site ***********************
55 523.18 2205 40 56.97 68 02.08 GB-26 Wiebe
55 523.19 2206 40 56.97 68 02.11 MOC1 #985 Lough
55 523.20 2321 40 58.75 68 02.11 MOC1/4 #986 Lough
******************************* End Well Mixed Site *********************
************************** Beginning of Drogue Site ********************
56 524.01 0225 40 39.14 68 09.80 GB-27 Wiebe
56 524.02 0228 40 39.21 68 09.83 MOC1 #987 Lough
56 524.03 0400 40 38.87 68 09.83 GB-28 Wiebe
56 524.04 0403 40 38.84 68 09.52 MKV Tow-yo Mountain
56 524.05 05?? 40 42.?? 68 09.?? MOC1/4 #988 Lough
***************************** End Drogue Site *************************
57 524.06 0739 40 42.20 67 51.4 Biospar service Wiebe
58 524.07 0936 40 45.4 67 59.7 Recover highflyer34 Mountain
59 524.08 0951 40 45.64 67 58.10 Recover highflyer28 Mountain
******************************* Begin Grid 1 ***************************
60 524.09 1247 40 39.70 68 12.93 Begin leg 1 of grid
60 524.10 GB-29 Wiebe
60 524.11 1331 40 40.28 68 12.86 MOC1 #989 Lough
60 524.12 1600 40 42.42 68 11.91 MOC1 #990 Lough
60 524.10 1628 40 41.70 68 12.17 End leg 6 of grid
*************************** End Grid 1 ********************************
61 524.11 1906 40 42.12 67 51.46 GB30-Biospar Wiebe
**************************** Begin Transect FMS - WMS *****************
62 524.12 2243 40 42.56 67 51.66 GB-31 Wiebe
62 524.13 2321 40 44.4 67 52.7 MKV Tow-yo Mountain
************************* Begin Grid #2 at FMS ************************
63 525.01 1036 40 42.46 67 53.0 Begin leg 1 GB-32 Wiebe
63 525.02 1059 40 42.50 67 52.89 MOC1 #991 Lough
63 525.03 1458 40 40.50 67 52.74 MOC1 #992 Lough
63 525.04 1600 40 40.32 67 50.60 End leg 5 of grid #2
******************************* End Grid #2 ***************************
********************** Begin Along Isobath Transect with CTD **********
64 525.05 1818 40 40.56 67 52.60 MKV CTD/Rossette Mountain
65 525.06 1906 40 45.5 67 46.6 MKV CTD/Rossette Mountain
66 525.07 1958 40 47.54 67 40.32 MKV CTD/Rossette Mountain
67 525.08 2101 40 49.60 67 34.09 MRV CTD/Rossette Mountain
68 525.09 2232 40 52.40 67 27.40 MRV CTD/Rossette Mountain
69 526.01 0010 40 54.80 67 22.00 MRV CTD/Rossette Mountain
*********************** Begin Transect FMS - WMS ***************************
70 526.02 0242 40 42.60 67 52.70 MRV CTD Tow-Yo Mountain
*********************** Begin Grid #3 (see detailed log sheet) ***********
71 526.03 0802 40 58.97 68 02.04 High Flyer w/drogue Mountain
71 526.04 0920 40 58.98 68 00.62 MOC1 #993 Lough
71 526.05 0920 40 58.60 68 00.53 Start Leg #1 GB-33 Wiebe
71 526.06 1233 40 54.02 68 02.48 MOC1 #994 Lough
71 526.07 1304 40 54.63 68 03.08 End of Leg #6
71 526.08 1340 40 53.84 68 03.32 High Flyer recover Mountain
************************ End of Grid #3 **********************************
*********************** Begin Assorted FMS operations*********************
72 526.09 1516 40 41.84 67 52.74 MOC1 #995 Lough
72 526.10 1621 40 42.84 67 52.60 MRV Bottle Cast Mountain
72 526.11 1645 40 42.39 67 53.70 MOC1/4 #996 Lough
72 526.12 1758 40 42.53 67 51.51 GB-34 at Biospar Wiebe
************************ Begin Grid #4 (see detailed log sheet) *********
73 526.13 2250 40 59.40 68 01.06 GB-35 in water Wiebe
73 526.14 2256 40 59.19 67 00.97 Moc1 #997 Lough
73 526.15 2211 40 58.79 68 01.91 Grid #4 Start
73 527.00 0234 40 54.89 68 04.66 Moc1 #998 Lough
73 527.01 0259 40 57.77 68 05.31 Grid #4 End
73 527.02 recover high fly Mountain
*********************** End of Grid *************************************
73 527.03 0406 40 56.00 68 05.66 Moc1/4 #999 Lough
74 527.04 0941 40 42.53 67 52.27 MKV CTD Cast Mountain
74 527.05 1025 40 42.30 67 51.38 Biospar Recovered Wiebe
74 527.06 1111 40 42.41 67 52.28 Mooring Recovery Mountain
75 198 527.07 1443 40 40.05 68 01.51 MKV CTD Mountain
76 199 527.08 1517 40 38.69 68 07.31 MKV CTD Mountain
77 200 527.09 1549 40 37.50 68 13.70 MKV CTD Mountain
78 201 527.10 1624 40 36.02 68 20.13 MKV CTD Mountain
************************Begin Western Transect***************************
79 527.11 1744 40 28.79 68 20.81 GB-36 Wiebe
79 527.12 1746 40 28.90 68 20.58 MOC1 #1000 Lough
79 527.13 1945 40 29.27 68 21.83 Begin Tow-YO Mountain
79 527.14 2128 40 32.85 68 22.91 MOC1 #1001 Lough
79 527.15 2219 40 34.09 68 22.41 Begin Tow-Yo Mountain
79 527.16 0017 40 36.03 68 28.68 MOC1 #1002 Lough
79 528.01 0121 40 37.05 68 28.12 Begin Tow-Yo Mountain
79 528.04 0517 40 45.70 68 36.07 MOC1 #1004 Lough
*************************** End Western Transect ************************
80 528.05 0944 40 28.40 69 05.93 Picked up Drifter Mountain
******************** Begin Great South Chan. Transect ****************
81 528.06 1301 40 50.01 68 37.78 GB #37 Wiebe
81 528.07 1307 40 49.93 68 37.95 MOC1 #1005 Lough
81 528.08 1404 40 49.52 68 40.48 Begin Tow-yo Mountain
81 528.09 1557 40 50.87 68 47.77 MOC1 #1006 Lough
81 528.10 1745 40 50.12 68 56.66 MOC1 #1007 Lough
82 528.11 1828 40 50.85 68 58.20 MOC1 #1008 Lough
APPENDIX 2. Transect Log.
│type│Date │ Yearday │ Hour │ Ship │Site / │ Instrs. │ Cast
│ │(local) │ (local) │(local) │ │directio│ deploy │ #
══╪════╪═════════╪═════════════════╪══════════╪═══════╪════════╪═════════╪══════════
5│site│May 21 │142.8528-143.????│ 2028-????│ E │ D │ VPR │ 9
│ │ │ │ │ E │ │ CTD │ 11&11P
│ │ │ │ 2250-0015│ A │ │ CTD │ 5-13
│ │ │ │ │ A │ │ GB │ 12-13
│ │ │ │ 2105-2200 A │ │ MOC1 │ 974
6│Site│May 22 │143.1174-143.2222│ 0249-0???│ A&? │ M │ GB │ 14
│ │ │ │ 0254-0345│ │ │ MOC1 │ 975
│ │ │ │ 0438-????│ │ │ GB │ 15
│ │ │ │ 0519-0647│ │ │ CTD │ 14-22
│ │ │ │ 0829-0853│ │ │ MOC1/4 │ 976
7│Site│May 22 │143.5549-143.7181│ 1319-????│ A&? │ S │ GB │ 16
│ │ │ │ 1324-1422│ │ │ MOC1 │ 977
│ │ │ │ 1505-????│ │ │ GB │ 17
│ │ │ │ 1510-1647│ │ │ CTD │ 23-42
│ │ │ │ 1714abort│ │ │ MOC1/4 │ 978
8│Site│May 22-23│143.8792-144.0414│ 2106-0114│ A&E │ S │ GB │ 18
│ │ │ │ 2118-2221│ │ │ MOC979 │ 979
│ │ │ │ 2309-????│ │ │ GB │ 19
│ │ │ │ 2314-2359│ │ │ CTD │ 36-41
9│Site│May 23 │144.1118-144.3653│ 0241-0846│ A&? │ M │ GB │ 20
│ │ │ │ 0259-0340│ │ │ MOC1 │ 980
│ │ │ │ 0449-????│ │ │ GB │ 21
│ │ │ │ 0453-0618│ │ │ CTD │ 43-51
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
10│Site│May 23 │144.4729-144.6424│ 1121-????│ A&? │ D │ GB │ 22
│ │ │ │ 1125-1216│ │ │ MOC1 │ 982
│ │ │ │ 1345-????│ │ │ GB │ 23
│ │ │ │ 1348-1501│ │ │ CTD │ 52-58
11│Site│May 23 │144.7146-144.8625│ 1709-????│ A&E │ D │ GB │ 24
│ │ │ │ 1713-1758│ │ │ MOC1 │ 984
│ │ │ │ 1840-????│ │ │ GB │ 25
│ │ │ │ 1842-2040│ │ │ CTD │ 59-70
│ │ │ │ │ │ │ │
│Site│May 23* │144.9201-144.9729│ 2205-2321│ A&? │ M │ │
12│Site│May 24 │145.1001-145.2083│ 0225-????│ A&? │ D │ GB │ 27
│ │ │ │ 0228-0315│ │ │ MOC1 │ 987
│ │ │ │ 0400-????│ │ │ GB │ 28
│ │ │ │ 0403-0520│ │ │ CTD │ 71-78
13│Long│May 24-25│145.9465-146.4417│ 2243-1036│ A&? │ S-M │ GB │ 31
│ │ │ │ 2321-0412│ │ │ CTD │ 90-114
14│Long│May 25-26│146.7625-147.0069│ 1818-0242│ A&? │ NE │ CTD │131-136
15│Long│May 26 │147.1125-147.3347│ 0242-0802│ A&? │ S-M │ CTD │137-162
16│Long│May 27 │148.6132-147.7833│ 1443-1626│ A │ SW │ CTD │198-201
17│Long│May 27-28│148.7389-149.3201│ 1744-0944│ A │ NW │ GB │ 36
│ │ │ │ 1746-1853│ │ │ MOC1 │ 1000
│ │ │ │ 1945-????│ │ │ CTD │202-208
│ │ │ │ 2128-2211│ │ │ MOC │ 1001
│ │ │ │ 2219-0008│ │ │ CTD │209-219
│ │ │ │ 0017-0059│ │ │ MOC │ 1002
│ │ │ │ 0121-0300│ │ │ CTD │220-228
│ │ │ │ 403-0505│ │ │ CTD │229-234
│ │ │ │ 517-0555│ │ │ MOC │ 1004
18│Long│May 28 │149.5424-149.7646│ 1301-1800│ A │ GSC │ GB │ 37
│ │ │ │ 1307-1352│ │ │ MOC1 │ 1005
│ │ │ │ 1406-1642│ │ │ CTD │235-246
│ │ │ │ 1557-1628│ │ │ MOC1 │ 1006
│ │ │ │ 1745abort│ │ │ MOC1 │ 1007
│ │ │ │ 1828-1917│ │ │ MOC1 │ 1008
APPENDIX 3. Grid Log.
┌───────┬───────────┬────────────────────┬──────────┬──────┬────┬────────┬──────┐
│ # │ Date │ Yearday │ Hour │ Ship │Site│Instrs. │ Cast#│
│ │ (1992) │ (local) │ (local) │ │ │deploy │ │
╞═══════╪═══════════╪════════════════════╪══════════╪══════╪════╪════════╪══════╡
│ 1 │ May 24 │145.5326-145.6861 │1247-1628 │ A&E │ D │ │ │
│ 2 │ May 24 │145.9472-146.0549 │2000-0145 │ E │ D │ │ │
│ 3 │ May 25 │146.3854-146.6666 │0915-1600 │ A&E │ S │ │ │
│ 4 │ May 26 │147.3764-147.5444 │0902-1304 │ A │ M │ │ │
│ 5 │ May 26-27 │147.9240-148.1243 │2211-0259 │ A&E │ M │ │ │
└───────┴───────────┴────────────────────┴──────────┴──────┴────┴────────┴──────┘
APPENDIX 4. Naming Conventions and archive access
SITE NAMES
M = Mixed, S = Stratified, D = Drifter
TIME is LOCAL time in 1-minute intervals
GEOGRAPHIC POSITION
DECIMAL DEGREES
NEGATIVE LONGITUDES
LAGRANGIAN POSITION
LISTED IN KMS FROM DRIFTER IS X,Y COORDINATES
POSITION FILE NAMES
VT#CY.dat and VT#CY.hdr
where "V" is the vessel
(ALBATROSS, Endeaver, Drifter, High-flyer, or Current-meter)
where "T" is the type of file (Position, Grid, or Transect)
where "#" is the incremental number including both ships
(the same # for both ships in joint operations)
where "C" is cruise code (A,B,C for 1st,2nd,3rd that year)
where "Y" is a one digit code for year (92, 93, etc.)
where the ".hdr" file has miscellaneous info. on the .dat file
examples:"AG3B2.dat" is ALBATROSS, grid #3, 2nd cruise, 1992
"ET14A2.dat" is Endeaver, trnsct#14, 1st cruise, 1992
"AT14B2.dat" is ALBATROSS,trnsct#14, 2nd cruise, 1992
"APA3.dat" will be ALBATROSS pos'ns on 1st cruise in '93
POSITION FILE FORMAT
yearday yymmdd hhmm hhmm lat lon xl yl
example: 145.2500 930624 0600 1000 40.4724 -67.3945 -2.93 1.38
146.2507 930624 0601 1001 40.4735 -67.3920 -2.33 1.72
DATA ARCHIVES at this time are in two forms: 1) Anonymous FTP and 2) JGOFS.
1) To get position files type:
ftp ftp.wh.whoi.edu
connect...
username: anonymous
311 Guest login ok, send ident as password
password: (your email address)
230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.
ftp>cd pub/gbs/shipposn
ftp>get <filename>
ftp>quit
2) To browse and access GLOBEC data in general use Georges Bank Information
System under development. In MOSAIC open: http://lake.mit.edu/globec.html
APPENDIX 5. Personnel
AL9306
Greg Lough
Jim Manning
Alex Penkrat
Betsy Broughton
Glenn Strout
Jeff Kinder
Geoff. Laurence
ChiefScientist
Oceanographer
BiologicalTech.
BiologicalTech.Oceanographer
ET
Fish.Biologist
AL9306
David Mountain
Greg Lough
Geoff Laurence
Larry Buckley
Glenn Strout
Jim Manning
Maureen Taylor
Peter Wiebe
Betsy Broughton
Alex Penkrat
Ken Prada
Neil McPhee
Stein Kaartvedt
Jim Dawson
ChiefScientist
Oceanographer
Fish.Biologist
Fish.Biologist
Oceanographer
Oceanographer
Phys.Sci.Tech.
Biologist
BiologicalTech.BiologicalTech.DesignEngineer
ET
Post Doc.
Acoustics Tech.