Bongo tows were made with a 0.61-m frame fitted with paired 335 m mesh nets. A 45 kg ball attached beneath the bongo
AL9806/al9806.html:temperature and salinity. Once back on board, the 335 m mesh nets were rinsed with seawater into a 330 m mesh sieve.
AL9806/al9806.html:both 335 m mesh and 200 m mesh nets. Digital flow meters were suspended in the mouth of each net to determine the
AL9806/al9806.html:200 m mesh sample was retained for zooplankton species composition, abundance and distribution, and preserved in 10%
AL9806/al9806.html:formalin. The other sample (335 m mesh) was kept for molecular population genetic analysis of the copepod, Calanus
AL9806/al9806.html: The 1-m2 MOCNESS sampler was loaded with ten nets. Nets 1-4 were fitted with 150 m mesh for the collection of older
AL9806/al9806.html:and larger copepodite and adult stages of the zooplankton. Nets 0, and 5-9 were fitted with 335 m mesh for zooplankton
AL9806/al9806.html:sieved through 150 m mesh sieve, subsampled using a 2-L plankton sample splitter if the final biomass volume was too
AL9806/al9806.html:large for one quart jar, and then preserved in 10% formalin. Samples from nets 5-9 were sieved through 330 m mesh sieve
AL9806/al9806.html:for disposal or recycling ashore. At priority 1 and 2 stations, 90-ml subsamples from the 150 m mesh nets were removed
AL9806/al9806.html:achieve this, if needed. Catches were sieved through a 335 m mesh, and preserved in 10% formalin. A selected number of
AL9806/al9806.html:flow rate. Integrated depth samples were collected with 35 m mesh nets, sieved through a 30 m mesh sieve and preserved in
AL9806/al9806.html:ring net fitted with 300 m mesh. The net was attached to the winch wire with a book clamp together with a 45-kg weight.
AL9806/al9806.html: Calanus finmarchicus were also collected with the 0.61-m bongo frame fitted with paired 335 m mesh nets. Tows were
AL9806/al9806.html: (335 m mesh), 1-m2 MOCNESS, unless otherwise stated. Brief descriptions appear below. 335-m mesh 1 preserved, 10% formalin 150-m mesh (Nets 1-4) 126 preserved, 10% formalin 335-m mesh (Net 0) 39 preserved, 10% formalin 335-m mesh (Nets 5-9) 164 preserved, EtOH 35-m mesh 62 preserved, 5% formalin · dissolved inorganic nutrients (NO3+NO2, NH4, SiO4, PO4); · particulate organic carbon and nitrogen; · phytoplankton chlorophyll a and phaeophytin, and · phytoplankton species composition The cruise track was determined by the position of the 41 AStandard@ stations that form the basis for all of the broad-scale cruises. The entire Bank, including parts that are in Canadian waters, was surveyed (Figure 1). The work was a combination of station and underway activities. The along-track work consisted of high frequency acoustic measurements of volume backscatter of plankton and nekton throughout the water column and surface measurements of temperature, salinity, and fluorescence from the towed body. The ship=s 300 kHz ADCP unit was used to make continuous measurements of the water current profile under the ship, in order to construct the current field over the whole Bank. Meteorological data, navigation data, and sea surface temperature, salinity, and fluorescence data were measured aboard the ALBATROSS IV. Some of these data are presented in the Acoustic Report Section below. A priority was assigned to each of the 41 standard stations that determined the equipment that was deployed during the station=s activities. At high priority Afull@ stations, a Bongo net equipped with a SeaBird CTD was towed obliquely to near the bottom. A CTD-fluorometer/transmissometer profile to the bottom was made and rosette bottles collected water samples for salinity and chlorophyll calibrations, chlorophyll concentrations, phytoplankton species counts, nutrients, and 18O/16O water analysis. A large volume zooplankton pumping system was used to profile the water column. A 1-m2 MOCNESS was towed obliquely to make vertically stratified collections for zooplankton (150 mm mesh) and then to make collections of fish larvae (335 mm mesh). A 10-m2 MOCNESS was towed obliquely to make vertically stratified collections of juvenile cod and haddock, and the larger predators of the target species. A Jelnet was also deployed in an attempt to collect fragile gelatinous animals that are often destroyed in the other net collecting devices. At lower priority stations, a Bongo tow, CTD profile, and 1-m2 MOCNESS tow were made, and at many of these stations a 10-m2 MOCNESS tow was made. On occasion, a Reeve net was towed to collect living animals for experiments during and after the cruise. At a point halfway between stations surface water samples were collected for chlorophyl and nutrient measurements. A summary of the sampling events that took place during the cruise is in Appendix I. As noted above, conditions on the Bank were warmer than expected for mid-June. The surface temperature at the central, well-mixed portion of the Bank range between 11 B 12 deg. C. Temperatures along the southern flank have ranged between 16 - 20.5 deg C and we sampled portions of a Warm-Core Ring streamer (as did the broad-scale survey in May). Highest temperatures and salinities (over 35 PSU) observed so far were at standard stations 15 and 17. A very strong temperature and salinity gradient (13 degrees and 3 PSU respectively) existed at station 17 between 20 to 40 meters.
A
Another beautiful day in paradise.@ It started out as a gorgeous morning with the sea still flat calm and hundreds of birds sitting on the water around the stern of the ALBATROSS (Figure 2). They all looked to be shearwaters, but there may have been a few gulls mixed in. The sky had a thin veneer of high cloud which modulated the sunlight to give the sea surface a subtle iridescent glow. Although the clouds had been thickening some during the day, the calm prevailed. al9906/al9906rpt.html:The work was completed during this day at Standard Stations 30, 40, 31, 32, and 33, and was started at Station 34. Although the work proceeded briskly throughout most of the day, we did loose a bit of time because a calamity of sorts happened with the pump system during the work at Station 34 around 2300. About 60 m of pump hose was caught under the ship about where the propeller was located. Apparently when the night watch was finished sampling and they were blowing out the hose with air, the piping somehow came up in a place where it got into the propeller. Ken Rondeau tried several tricks to get the hose loose, such as putting additional weight on the end that was in hand and dropping it down deep to get the hose to break loose, but to no avail. The deck crew then used the outer whip attached to the pipe to apply more pressure to the hose and hoping to break it loose. The night=s ordeal with the pump got solved by having Willy Amoro and Cecile Daniels dawn their SCUBA gear and dive down under the stern to free the pump hose (Figure 3). According to Willy, the hose was wrapped around the propeller shaft forward of the kort nozzle about a dozen times and had to be unwound to get it free. It took about 10 minutes for the action to go on underwater and then the portion of the hose (about 20 m) that was between the propeller and the deck was pulled back on board. Some 40 m of hose was sheared off by the propeller and was lost. Jamie Pierson said that with the spare hose on board, a 100 m deployment was still possible. We were able to complete the next two pump stations as planned.
al9906/al9906rpt.html:As is usually the case at the end of a broad-scale cruise, the work went very quickly and we finished up with the last of the stations (i.e. 34 to 38) by late evening. As we steamed from Station 37 to Station 38, we again crossed the fairly dramatic front that marked the change from Bank water to waters of the Gulf of Maine that we had crossed several times earlier in the cruise. As in the case of the earlier crossing, in the vicinity of the front were a lot of Afish@ schools and also some whales.
al9906/al9906rpt.html:The SBE911+
was deployed with 10 bottles on the rosette and samples were collected for various investigators. Samples were collected for oxygen isotope analysis at selected depths (R. Houghton, LDEO) and a sample was taken at the bottom for calibrating the instrument=s conductivity data (D. Mountain, NMFS). Samples for chlorophyll and nutrient analysis were taken from multiple depths at each of the standard stations (D. Townsend, Univ. of Maine). Surface samples were taken at Afull@ stations for phytoplankton species composition (J. O=reilly, NMFS). al9906/al9906rpt.html:The boom wire was first to be put back online. However, when we deployed the CTD, we still were seeing intermittent noise in the signal (the Seabird Profiler and MOCNESS operations did not have this). We concluded that because the sea cable on the boom was in such poor condition (rust and wires unraveling), the signal for the 911 CTD was breaking down. We needed to move back to the oceanographic winch. When this termination was repaired, we tested the CTD once again and much to everyone=s dismay, it did not power up. The problem was in the slip rings. Henry took the slip rings out and discovered that they were severely corroded. An older, Aspare@ set of slip rings were put in place which allowed us to finally get signal from the CTD, but it did cause a fair amount of signal noise. As a result, preliminary data processing for this cruise was rather labor intensive. Final cleaning of the data errors will be completed back in Woods Hole.
al9906/al9906rpt.html:Hydrographic conditions on the Bank were warmer and slightly fresher than expected for mid-June. The surface temperatures at the central, well mixed portion of the Bank ranged between 11 B 12 deg. Celsius while those along the southern flank were between 13 - 20.5 deg. Celsius We sampled portions of a Gulf Stream Warm Core streamer (as we did during the May survey) with the highest temperatures and salinities (over 35 psu) observed at standard stations 15 and 17. A very strong temperature and salinity gradient (13 degrees and 3 psu respectively) existed at station 17 between 20 to 40 meters. The large negative anomaly of AGeorges Bank water@ shown in Figure 8 is due to the Gulf Stream intrusion observed predominately in the southeast region. We did not download satellite imagery during the survey, but will review the archived imagery for this cruise period upon return to Woods Hole.
al9906/al9906rpt.html:TypographicSymbols">AScotian Shelf@ water at this station. It is not known al9906/al9906rpt.html:Bongo tows were made with a 0.61-m frame fitted with paired 335 mm mesh nets (Figure 9). A 45 kg ball was attached beneath the bongo frame to depress the sampler. Digital flow meters were suspended in the mouth of each net to determine the volume of water filtered. Tows were made according to standard MARMAP procedures, (i.e., oblique from surface to within five meters of bottom or to a maximum depth of 200 m while maintaining a constant wire angle throughout the tow). Wire payout and retrieval rates were 50 m/min and 20 m/min respectively. These rates were reduced in shallow water (<60 m) to obtain a minimum of a five minute tow or reduced due to adverse weather and sea conditions. A Seabird profiler CTD was attached to the towing wire above the frame to monitor sampling depth in real time mode and to measure and record temperature and salinity. Once back on board, the 335 mm mesh nets were rinsed with seawater into a 330 mm mesh sieve. The contents of one sieve were preserved in 5% formalin and kept for ichthyoplankton species composition, abundance and distribution. The other sample was preserved in 95% ethanol and kept for age and growth analysis of larval fish. The same preservation procedure was followed as for the 1-m2 MOCNESS.
al9906/al9906rpt.html:The 1-m2 MOCNESS sampler was loaded with ten nets (Figure 10). Nets 1-4 were fitted with 150 mm mesh for the collection of older and larger copepodite and adult stages of the zooplankton. Nets 0, and 5-9 were fitted with 335 mm mesh for zooplankton (nets 0 and 5) and ichthyoplankton (nets 6-9) collection. Tows were double oblique from the surface to within 5 m from the bottom. The maximum tow depth for nets 0, 1 and 5 was 500 m, and for net 6 was 200 m (if net 5 was sampled deeper than 200 m, it was returned up to 200 m and closed). Winch rates for nets 0-5 were 15 m/min and for nets 6-9, 10 m/min. The depth strata sampled were 0-15 m, 15-40 m, 40-100 m, and >100 m. The first (#0) and sixth (#5) nets were integrated hauls. For shallow stations, with only 2 or 3 of the depth strata, not all nets were fished. The contents of nets 0-4 were sieved through 150 mm mesh sieve, subsampled using a 2-L plankton sample splitter if the final biomass volume was too large for one quart jar, and then preserved in 10% formalin. Samples from nets 5-9 were sieved through 330 mm mesh sieve and preserved in 95% ethanol. After 24 h of initial preservation, the alcohol was changed. The used ethanol was retained for disposal or recycling ashore. At priority 1 and 2 stations and at station 40, 100-ml subsamples were taken from nets 1-4 (150 mm mesh) and preserved in 10% formalin for Dr. C. Miller (OSU). At priority 1 and 2 stations, 100-ml subsamples from nets 1-4 were removed and preserved in 95% ethanol. At most priority 3 and 4 stations, a 100-ml subsample from the15-40 m net was removed and preserved in 95% ethanol. These samples were collected for Dr. A. Bucklin for population genetic studies to distinguish the Pseudocalanus species found on Georges Bank.
al9906/al9906rpt.html: mm mesh, and preserved in 10% formalin. al9906/al9906rpt.html:A gasoline powered diaphragm pump was used to collect nauplii and younger, smaller copepodite stages of zooplankton (Figure 12). The intake hose was deployed off the port side hydro boom by affixing two release shackles to the end of the hose and clipping them to the hydro wire above and below a niskin-bottle clamp. The clamp was positioned on the winch wire above the end of the termination to keep the hose from falling down on the termination as the wire was raised during retrival. The winch meter block was zeroed at the surface and the wire out reading was used to determine the depth of the cast. Two 45 kg weights was used to depress the array. Two to four 30 m sections of 7 cm diameter hose were connected to the pump, allowing the intake hose to attain a maximum depth of approximately 100 m. At shallow stations (<100 m), the intake nozzle was lowered to 3-5 meters off the bottom. The discharge end of the hose was diverted to a surge dampener before it entered the collection net. This caused the flow to be laminar as it passed the flow meter, allowing a more accurate measurement of flow rate. Once the hose had been deployed to the desired depth it was raised at a constant rate and samples collected. Wire retrieval rate was approximately 4 m/min which provided volumes of about 200 L per 5 m depth interval. Sampling depths were from the maximum depth to 75 m, 75-40 m, 40-15 m, and 15 m to the surface. The hose was allowed to flush for a predetermined interval before collection began, before each net change, and once the hose had reached the surface. Flushing time was calculated based on the flow rate of the pump and depending on the length of hose used at each station. The three or four integrated depth samples were collected with 30 mm mesh nets, sieved through a 30 mm mesh sieve and preserved in 10% formalin.
al9906/al9906rpt.html:A 1-meter diameter Reeve net sampler was used to collect live specimens of Calanus finmarchicus (Figure 13). The cylindrical metal ring forming the aperture of the sampler was fitted with a 335 mm mesh net 4.0 m in length. Affixed to the cod end of the net was a PVC collection bucket 46 cm tall and 33 cm in diameter with screened ports. This collection bucket was supported by four nylon lines attached to the net mouth ring. Vertical tows were made from surface to within 10 m of bottom, or to a maximum depth of 200 m. The net was deployed at a winch rate of about 10 m/min and retrieved at a rate of 5 m/min. Depth of cast was determined by the actual wire out. Depression of the net was obtained by both filling the collecting bucket with sea water prior to deployment and also by the addition of between one to six 5-lb (2.3-kg) lead dive weights depending on sea conditions. The animals caught in the cod end bucket were gently released into 5 gallon plastic pails previously filled with seawater using the ship's sea chest. Preliminary analysis of the live organisms collected from the catch was done on ship board. After the catch was examined, the sample was preserved in 5% formalin.
al9906/al9906rpt.html:335-mm mesh 41 preserved, EtOH
al9906/al9906rpt.html:150-mm mesh(Nets 1-4) 126 preserved, 10% formalin
al9906/al9906rpt.html:335-mm mesh(Net 0) 41 preserved, 10% formalin
al9906/al9906rpt.html:335-mm mesh(Nets 5-9) 171 preserved, EtOH
al9906/al9906rpt.html:35-mm mesh 64 preserved, 10% formalin
al9906/al9906rpt.html:335-mm mesh 9 preserved, 5% formalin
al9906/al9906rpt.html:During the cruise, shipboard samples from all the 5% formalin preserved bongo AB@ nets were observed while in the jar for the presence and estimated quantities of fish larvae and eggs. These quick observations were done in an attempt to obtain a qualitative estimate of the ichthyoplankton abundances, distribution and size ranges on Georges Bank.
al9906/al9906rpt.html:The Jelnet is 1.5m2 at its opening and tapers to a shallow 50 cm deep flat bottom which has a collection sock to which a standard MOCNESS cod collar and end bucket was attached (Figure 15). Mesh size of the net is 5 mm (3/16"). The tubular aluminum frame is bridled from each of the corners to a common point above by a 5 mm (3/16") stainless steel wire with thimbles spliced into the wire ends. A 45-kg lead ball is attached to a 13 mm (2@) oblong stainless ring when the net is fished. Vertical tows were made from surface to within 10-15 m of bottom, or to a maximum depth of 100 m. The net was deployed at a winch rate of 20 m/min and retrieved at a rate of 5 m/min. Depth of cast was determined by the actual wire out. The contents of the nets were combined and preserved in 10% formalin and kept for species composition, abundance and distribution.
al9906/al9906rpt.html:Zooplankton biomass was very modest over and around Georges Bank in June 1999. We saw the usual separation between stations inside and outside the 60 m isobath. Inside that line the plankton on the filter screens resembled wet sand. I was on night watch, so I saw several night samples from the bank top. In those the brown, sand-like plankton would be polka-dotted with white amphipods. The Asand@ was composed almost entirely of copepodites of Centropages hamatus, Pseudocalanus spp. and Temora longicornis, in that order of abundance. The brown tone comes from the brown pigment banding on most of the C. hamatus. Of course, there was often an admixture of actual sand. I never saw a hydroid polyp on the whole cruise, much less any significant abundance. This is the first time that I have seen substantial numbers of Pseudocalanus over the top of the bank on a recurring basis. Usually they have been present in significant numbers at only a few stations without much pattern. A few samples from this subregion had substantial numbers of juvenile Sagitta elegans, which is a common occurrence in BroadScale sampling, but perhaps less frequent than usual on AL9906.
al9906/al9906rpt.html:Stations north of the Bank at the edge of the Gulf of Maine (29, 40, 34) were strongly dominated by C. finmarchicus, the bulk of them being in the deepest nets. These were loaded with lipid, clearly resting stages. Much smaller numbers were caught in the surface layers. While resting Calanus dominated the deep plankton, they were only modestly abundant compared to the early years of the BroadScale Survey. In 1995 and 1996, we caught multiple liters of drained Astrawberry daiquiri@, and had to split samples three and four times to get a half liter for preservation. On this cruise we had only a few (two on my watch) samples from single depths that required even one splitting to store. These modest amounts were similar to those captured in 1998. This interannual variation correlates with the salinity anomalies observed by David Mountain on BroadScale cruises, and that correlation has the same sign as observed in MARMAP data over a longer interval (Mountain, personal communication). Refined evaluation of this relationship may be one of the best contributions of the GLOBEC program at Georges Bank. Since salinity is set by the relative importance of deep inflow to the region (more deep inflow installs more salt), a nutrient-driven, bottom-up process is suggested as the source of the correlation. If that proves true, it is a very exciting finding indeed. Large pteropods were absent from the Gulf of Maine stations, but numerous very small ones (0.2 mm) were at the bottom of most sample jars. They did not contribute significant biomass relative to Calanus.
al9906/al9906rpt.html:I was successful in finding along the southern flank just over 30 C. finmarchicus C5 with the short, forward-located gonad rudiment type called (provisionally in my laboratory) diapause-2. This type was very rare (1-2%), being far outnumbered by diapause-1 , which is longer and more posterior. These gonad rudiment types are pictured in the April BroadScale cruise report (OC341). I reared the diapause-2 specimens in small containers kept cool by flowing water from the ship=s scientific seawater system. This was not in fact always cool, temperatures rising to 23C when the ship was in some of the warm-core ring water. Surprisingly, the animals survived that well. They were fed particles concentrated from the surface water by filtration. With up to 6 animals in 130 ml, they were certainly all stressed for food. They survived that, too, and continued to make fecal pellets throughout. The specimens were preserved on arrival at Woods Hole and will be examined in Corvallis to see whether ovaries or testes have developed from them. This will be a large addition to our data set regarding this question. We have sufficient rearings of diapause-1 individuals from earlier cruises, most of which develop testes. Because of limited incubation space, only 6 diapause-1 individuals were raised on AL9906.
al9906/al9906rpt.html:Samples for dissolved inorganic nutrients (DIN) and chlorophyll were collected at all stations, 1-41, and at all the intermediate stations (near-surface). Water samples for DIN were filtered through 0.45 mm Millipore cellulose acetate membrane filters, and frozen in 20ml polyethylene scintillation vials by first placing the vials in a seawater-ice bath for about 10 minutes. Samples will be analyzed following the cruise using a Technicon II AutoAnalyzer. Water samples (50 mLs) for dissolved organic nitrogen, and total dissolved phosphorus (both referred to as DON) were collected at 2 depths (2 and 20m) at each of the main stations and frozen as described above. These samples will be analyzed using a modification of the method of Valderrama (1981). Samples for particulate organic carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen were collected by filtering 500 mLs onto pre-combusted, pre-ashed GF/F glass fiber filters from 2 depths (2 and 20m) at each of the main stations, wrapped in foil pouches and frozen. The filters will be fumed with HCl to remove inorganic carbon, and analyzed using a Control Equipment Model 240-XA CHN analyzer (Parsons et al., 1984). Samples for particulate phosphorus were collected as for CHN, filtering 200 mLs and freezing in glass petri dishes. Laboratory analyses will involve digesting the sample in acidic persulfate and then analyzing for dissolved orthophosphate.
al9906/al9906rpt.html:Samples for phytoplankton species composition were collected from the surface at stations 1-41 by preserving a volume of 100 mls in Lugol=s solution. These samples will be available for analysis of the larger species using the Uttermohl inverted microscope method.
al9906/al9906rpt.html:On this cruise, a portion of the R/V Albatross IV chem lab was the operations center for the high frequency acoustics work. The Aacoustics system@ consisted of the AGreene Bomber@, a five-foot V-fin towed body, a Hydroacoustics Technology, Inc Digital Echo Sounder (HTI-DES), several computers for data acquisition, post processing, and logging of notes, plus some other gear. In the Greene Bomber, there were two down-looking transducers (120 and 420 kHz each with 3 degree beams), a multiplexor pressure case for multiplexing the data from the two transducers, and an Environmental Sensing System (ESS). The ESS was mounted inside the V-fin with temperature, conductivity, and fluorescence sensors attached to a stainless steel framework outside of the fiberglass housing. The fish was also carrying a transponder that would have proved useful in locating it if it had happened to break free of the towing cable.
al9906/al9906rpt.html:In the lab (Figure 16), the data came in on a single 24 conductor cable with separate shielded groups of wires, one for each transducer and one for the ESS. The HTI-DES has its own computer (a PC104-80486 -100 MHz) and five digital Signal Processor boards (DSPs). It received the data from the transducers, did a series of complex processing steps, and then transferred the results to the Pentium PC over a local area network (LAN) where the data were logged to disk and displayed. The Araw@ unprocessed data were also written to a DAT tape (each tape holds two gigabytes of data) and we used 95 tapes during this cruise - Appendix II. Immense amounts of data were handled very quickly by this system. The environmental data came into a second PC and were processed, displayed, and logged to disk. Both systems required GPS navigation data and those data were being supplied by the ship=s P-code GPS receiver which were logged as part of the ESS data stream. Periodically, the data were transferred to a third computer for post-processing. It was at this stage that we could visualize the acoustic records and begin to see the acoustic patterns that were characteristic of the Bank.
al9906/al9906rpt.html:Afish@ characteristics were seen in the al9906/al9906rpt.html:1-m2 MOCNESS with the 150 mm al9906/al9906rpt.html:FACE="Symbol">mm mesh nets. Thus, the sand grains caught by al9906/al9906rpt.html:FACE="Symbol">mm. From the acoustic point of view, an al9906/al9906rpt.html:TypographicSymbols">Aplume@ and all of the nets on this towyo-leg al9906/al9906rpt.html:FACE="WP TypographicSymbols">Aplumes@. The very coarse mesh (3000 mm) resulted in no sand being caught, but the al9906/al9906rpt.html:TypographicSymbols">Adifference plot@, the top of the Bank in the vicinity of al9906/al9906rpt.html:TypographicSymbols">Ahot spot@ where the 420 kHz has a much stronger al9906/al9906rpt.html:Asolitons@ are characteristic of the stratified al9906/al9906rpt.html:TypographicSymbols">=s Fluorescence front occurred al9906/al9906rpt.html:year=s track, we plotted al9906/al9906rpt.html:the CTD casts, the ship=s cygnus9879/cygnus9879.htm: font-family:Symbol; cygnus9879/cygnus9879.htm: font-family:Symbol;} cygnus9879/cygnus9879.htm:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol'>· cygnus9879/cygnus9879.htm:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol'>· cygnus9879/cygnus9879.htm:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol'>¨ cygnus9879/cygnus9879.htm:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol'>¨ cygnus9879/cygnus9879.htm:style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:10.0pt;font-family:Symbol'>¨¨sqsq±d±d±±±d±d±d±±±±±±±±±qqqqqqqqqqqqmm filtered sea water. Hourly observations of en320/en320.html:A priority was assigned to each of the 41 standard stations that determined the equipment that was deployed during the station's activities. At high priority "full" stations, a Bongo net equipped with a SeaBird CTD was towed obliquely to near the bottom. A CTD (equipped with a fluorometer and transmissometer) profile to the bottom was made and rosette bottles collected water samples for salinity and chlorophyll calibrations, chlorophyll concentrations, phytoplankton species counts, and 18O/16O water analysis. A large volume zooplankton pumping system was used to profile the water column. A 1-m2 MOCNESS was towed obliquely to make vertically stratified collections for zooplankton (150 mm mesh) and then to make collections of fish larvae (335 mm mesh). Weather permitting, a 10-m2 MOCNESS was towed obliquely to make vertically stratified collections of juvenile cod and haddock, and the larger predators of the target species. At lower priority stations, a Bongo tow, CTD profile, and 1-m2 MOCNESS tow were made. At some stations, the SeaBird CTD/Niskin bottle cast was made for calibration purposes. A summary of the sampling events that took place during the cruise is provided in Appendix I.
en320/en320.html:Station 9 was occupied during the afternoon. A slow (5 m/min) vertical Ajel net@ (i.e., a bongo with 1000 um mesh net) tow was done for Larry Madin, with another, faster tow of the same net for his student, Annette Frese, to collect swimming predators. Despite dire predictions of storms, gales, and 50 knot winds, we continued working through the day, completing work at Station 10 before midnight.
en320/en320.html:In curiously calm and flat conditions, the nightwatch completed our first Aperfect@ station, including pump and 10-m2 MOCNESS deployment, at Station 12. The wind sprang up just as the 10-m2 MOCNESS nets were being lashed down. Weather conditions worsened through the early morning. The decks were secured for weather at 0845 hr, postponing work at Station 13 until after the coming gale. Captain McMunn plans to take the ship into deeper waters to the south and east of the Bank.
en320/en320.html:Nightwatch sat through the last of the 48 hr weather downtime, with Neile and Christina using the time to make St. Patrick=s Day favors for a AStupid Hat Party@. Winds had lessened to 30 kts by midnight and continued to fall through the night.
en320/en320.html:A science meeting was held at the watch change at 1600 hr to formulate a strategy for the remainder of the cruise. Working backward from our desired arrival time, we built a schedule in which all remaining stations were to be occupied, with station work trimmed. Plan AB@ called for dropping all 10-m2 MOCNESS deployments, dropping pump deployments at priority 2 stations, and replacing 1-m2 MOCNESS deployments with bongos at priority 4 stations. This plan should have us wrapping up work at 2200 hr on Monday. We discussed with Captain McMunn the possibility of stopping at Woods Hole to off-load all heavy gear. If the sea state allows us to cross Nantucket Shoals, we should be able to make Woods Hole on the morning high tide (beginning 0800 hr) and then Narragansett on the afternoon tide (no later than 1630 hr). In the event of foul weather, we will head around the shoals and plan for a 1200 hr arrival in Narragansett.
en320/en320.html:Nightwatch completed work at Station 28 and deployed one pair of drifters. Daywatch took over for the second and third pairs of drifter deployments. We then delayed the intermediate bongo tow for an abandon-ship drill, with testing of survival suits. We worked to our APlan B@ schedule, gaining some time on the schedule during the morning. Nightwatch finished Station 29 in the afternoon, and the daywatch occupied Station 30 in the evening. The CTD cast was redone after the 1-m2 MOCNESS deployment. The problem on the first cast - discovered after testing eliminated all other causes - was only cock-pit error. Conditions continued calm, with the seas about as flat as we had seen them this trip.
en320/en320.html:TypographicSymbols">=s en320/en320.html:Bongo tows were made with a 0.61-m frame fitted with paired 335
mm mesh nets. A 45 kg ball was attached beneath the bongo frame to depress the sampler. Digital flow meters were suspended in the mouth of each net to determine the volume of water filtered. Tows were made according to standard MARMAP procedures, (i.e., oblique from surface to within five meters of bottom or to a maximum depth of 200 m while maintaining a constant wire angle throughout the tow). Wire payout and retrieval rates were 50 m/min and 20 m/min respectively. These rates were reduced in shallow water (<60 m) to obtain a minimum of a five minute tow or reduced due to adverse weather and sea conditions. A Seabird profiler CTD was attached to the towing wire above the frame to monitor sampling depth in real time mode and to measure and record temperature and salinity. Once back on board, the 335 mm mesh nets were rinsed with seawater into a 330 mm mesh sieve. The contents of one sieve were preserved in 5% formalin and kept for ichthyoplankton species composition, abundance and distribution. The other sample was preserved in 95% ethanol and kept for age and growth analysis of larval fish. The same preservation procedure was followed as for the 1-m2 MOCNESS. en320/en320.html:At stations where the 1-m2 MOCNESS system was not used, a second bongo tow was made. This frame was fitted with both 335
mm mesh and 200 mm mesh nets. Digital flow meters were suspended in the mouth of each net to determine the volume of water filtered. Tows were made according to standard MARMAP procedures except maximum tow depth was 500 m. Wire payout and retrieval rates were 50 m/min and 20 m/min respectively. The nets were each rinsed with seawater into a corresponding mesh sieve. Large catches were subsampled so as to retain only one sample jar per net. The 200 mm mesh sample was retained for zooplankton species composition, abundance and distribution, and preserved in 10% formalin. The other sample (335 mm mesh) was kept for molecular population genetic analysis of the copepod, Calanus finmarchicus, and preserved in 95% ethanol. After 24 h of initial preservation, the alcohol was changed. en320/en320.html:The 1-m2 MOCNESS sampler was loaded with ten nets. Nets 1-4 were fitted with 150
mm mesh for the collection of older and larger copepodite and adult stages of the zooplankton. Nets 0, and 5-9 were fitted with 335 mm mesh for zooplankton (nets 0 and 5) and ichthyoplankton (nets 6-9) collection. Tows were double oblique from the surface to within 5 m from the bottom. The maximum tow depth for nets 0, 1 and 5 was 500 m, and for net 6 was 200 m (if net 5 was sampled deeper than 200 m, it was returned up to 200 m and closed). Winch rates for nets 0-5 were 15 m/min and for nets 6-9, 10 m/min. The depth strata sampled were 0-15 m, 15-40 m, 40-100 m, and >100 m. The first (#0) and sixth (#5) nets were integrated hauls. For shallow stations, with only 2 or 3 of the depth strata, not all nets were fished. The contents of nets 0-4 were sieved through 150 mm mesh sieve, subsampled using a 2-L plankton sample splitter if the final biomass volume was too large for one quart jar, and then preserved in 10% formalin. Samples from nets 5-9 were sieved through 330 mm mesh sieve and preserved in 95% ethanol. After 24 h of initial preservation, the alcohol was changed. The used ethanol was retained for disposal or recycling ashore. At priority 1 and 2 stations and at station 40, 100-ml subsamples were taken from nets 1-4 (150 mm mesh) and preserved in 10% formalin for C.B. Miller (Oregon State University). At priority 1 and 2 stations, 100-ml subsamples from nets 1-4 were removed and preserved in 95% ethanol. These samples were collected for A. Bucklin for population genetic studies to distinguish the Pseudocalanus species found on Georges Bank. en320/en320.html:The 10-m2 MOCNESS was loaded with five 3.0 mm mesh nets. Tows were oblique from surface to ~10 m from bottom or a maximum depth of 500 m. The same depth strata were sampled as with the 1-m2 MOCNESS. The winch rate for retrieval varied between 5 and 20 m/min depending on the depth stratum. The slow winch rates were used in order to filter at least 4,000-5,000 m3 of water per depth stratum sampled. A stepped oblique tow profile during retrieval was used to achieve this, if needed. Catches were sieved through a 330
mm mesh, and preserved in 10% formalin. en320/en320.html:A gasoline powered diaphragm pump was used to collect nauplii and younger, smaller copepodite stages of zooplankton. The intake hose was deployed off the starboard side J-frame by affixing a release shackle to the end of the hose and clipping it to the weight used to depress the array. Snap clips attached to the hose at 10 m intervals were clipped to the winch wire as the hose was deployed. A book clamp was positioned on the winch wire just above the end termination to keep the hose from falling down on the termination as the wire was raised during retrieval. Clipping the hose to the winch wire assured that the hose was no more than 5 m from the wire and kept it from getting fouled on the ship. This arrangement also allowed the hose to move vertically along the winch wire as it was retrieved. The winch meter block was zeroed at the surface and the wire out reading was used to determine the depth of the cast. A 100 kg weight was used to depress the array. Three or four 30 m sections of 7 cm diameter hose were connected to the pump, allowing the intake hose to attain a maximum depth of approximately 100 m. At shallow stations (<100 m), the intake nozzle was lowered to 3-5 meters off the bottom. The discharge end of the hose was diverted to a surge dampener before it entered the collection net. This caused the flow to be laminar as it passed the flow meter, allowing a more accurate measurement of flow rate. Once the hose had been deployed to the desired depth it was raised at a constant rate and samples collected. Wire retrieval rate was approximately 4 m/min which provided volumes of about 200 L per 5 m depth interval. Sampling depths were from the maximum depth to 75 m, 75-40 m, 40-15 m, and 15 m to the surface. The hose was allowed to flush for a predetermined interval before collection began, before each net change, and once the hose had reached the surface. Flushing time was calculated based on the flow rate of the pump and depending on the length of hose used at each station. The three integrated depth samples were collected with 30
mm mesh nets, sieved through a 30 mm mesh sieve and preserved in 10% formalin. en320/en320.html:335-
mm mesh 89 preserved, EtOH en320/en320.html:200-
mm mesh 10 preserved, 10% formalin en320/en320.html:150-
mm mesh(Nets 1-4) 86 preserved, 10% formalin en320/en320.html:335-
mm mesh(Net 0) 28 preserved, 10% formalin en320/en320.html:335-
mm mesh(Nets 5-9) 122 preserved, EtOH en320/en320.html:35-
mm mesh 26 preserved, 10% formalin en320/en320.html:1000-
mm mesh 9 tows 10 preserved, 10% formalin en320/en320.html:1000-
mm mesh 6 tows 7 preserved, EtOH en320/en320.html:Brief descriptions of zooplankton species composition appear below. Observations were made at most standard stations sampled during this cruise from the net #0 samples (335
mm mesh) 1-m2 MOCNESS, unless otherwise stated. en320/en320.html:During the cruise, shipboard samples from all the 5% formalin preserved bongo
AB@ nets were observed while in the jar for the presence and estimated quantities of fish larvae and eggs. These quick observations were done in an attempt to obtain a qualitative estimate of the ichthyoplankton abundances, distribution and size ranges on Georges Bank. en320/en320.html:100=Sand lance larval distribution for this cruise was generally patchy, with the greater number of larvae being found on the western portion of the bank. Larval numbers were low (1-40 larvae/station) at most stations with two exceptions, stations 46 and 51, which are along the 60-meter isobath on the central portion of the Bank (Fig. 13B). These two stations had the highest concentrations of sand lance with numbers of 75 and 60 respectively. The standard lengths ranged from 15
B 45 mm with a mean of ~20 mm. en320/en320.html:We are currently involved in a study of gonad development in Calanus finmarchicus fifth copepodites (C5). Analysis of animals collected during the 1998 U.S. GLOBEC cruise season has revealed two distinct types of early stage gonads. The reason for the two different early gonad morphologies has yet to be determined, but may be a reflection of gender. There is a strong correlation between gonad assessments made on live C5
=s in the field and the same individuals in the laboratory after preservation. On EN-320, I separated fifth copepodites from stations 1 and 17 based on gonad type and carried out simple onboard incubations of 25 individuals with early stage gonads. The animals were held in approximately 150 ml seawater in small plastic beakers. The beakers were arranged in a bath of running seawater to maintain a constant temperature. Each day, five liters of seawater was filtered down to a 500 ml volume using a siphon fitted with 40 micron mesh to concentrate the natural plankton, then used to replace the water in the beakers. After approximately five days, the copepodites were preserved for examination in the laboratory to determine the developing sex. en320/en320.html:Vertical casts and oblique tows were made using a 0.61-m bongo frame fitted with paired 1000
mm mesh nets to collect larger gelatinous predators (referred to as Jelnet-2 in the Event Log). A 45 kg ball was attached beneath the bongo frame to depress the sampler. The vertical casts were made from surface to within 10-15 m of bottom, or to a maximum depth of 100 m. The net was deployed at a winch rate of 20 m/min and retrieved at a rate of 4-5 m/min. Depth of cast was determined by the actual wire out. The contents of the nets were combined and preserved in 10% formalin and kept for species composition, abundance and distribution. en320/en320.html:Collections were made at various depths at all of the regular hydrographic stations sampled during the March 1999 Broadscale survey cruise aboard R/V ENDEAVOR, using the 1.7 liter Niskin bottles mounted on the rosette sampler. Additional surface water samples were collected at positions between the regular stations (Stations numbers >41) using water collected from the ship
=s flowing seawater system (sample depth ca. 2m). en320/en320.html:Samples for dissolved inorganic nutrients and chlorophyll were collected at all stations. Water samples for DIN were filtered through 0.45
mm Millipore cellulose acetate membrane filters, and the samples frozen immediately in 20ml polyethylene scintillation vials by first placing the vials in a seawater-ice bath for about 10 minutes. Samples will be analyzed on shore immediately following the cruise using a Technicon II 4-Channel AutoAnalyzer. en320/en320.html:On this cruise, a portion of the R/V ENDEAVOR lab was the operations center for the high frequency acoustics work. The
Aacoustics system@ consisted of the AGreene Bomber@, a five-foot V-fin towed body, a Hydroacoustics Technology, Inc Digital Echo Sounder (HTI-DES), several computers for data acquisition, post processing, and logging of notes, plus some other gear. In the Greene Bomber, there were two down-looking transducers (120 and 420 kHz each with 3 degree beams), a multiplexor pressure case for multiplexing the data from the two transducers, and an Environmental Sensing System (ESS). The ESS was mounted inside the V-fin with temperature, conductivity, and fluorescence sensors attached to a stainless steel framework outside of the fiberglass housing. The fish was also carrying a transponder that would have proved useful in locating it if it had happened to break free of the towing cable. en320/en320.html:In the lab, the data came in on a single 24 conductor cable with separate shielded groups of wires, one for each transducer and one for the ESS. This was a new cable that replaced the one that failed on the previous cruise (AL9901, January 1999). The HTI-DES has its own computer (a PC104-80486 -100 MHz) and five digital Signal Processor boards (DSPs). It received the data from the transducers, did a series of complex processing steps, and then transferred the results to the Pentium PC over a local area network (LAN) where the data were logged to disk and displayed. The
Araw@ unprocessed data were also written to a DAT tape (Table III; each tape holds two gigabytes of data and we used about 89 tapes during this cruise). Immense amounts of data were handled very quickly by this system. The environmental data came into a second PC and were processed, displayed, and logged to disk. Both systems required GPS navigation data and those data were being supplied by the ship=s P-code GPS receiver which were logged as part of the ESS data stream. Periodically, the data were transferred to a third computer for post-processing. It was at this stage that we could visualize the acoustic records and begin to see the acoustic patterns which were characteristic of the Bank. en320/en320.html:We also had a problem with the acquisition of conductivity data from the SeaBird sensor which forced us to stop acquiring data until the problems could be fixed. From the beginning of the first deployment, the conductivity sensor on the Greene Bomber did not appear to be working. The towed body was brought on the deck at the beginning of Station # 2. A number of checks were made, but nothing wrong was found with the sensor or cable. The fish was returned to the water without the system producing good salinity data. Additional checks and modifications to the gear were made during periods when the towed body was brought on deck for maintenance including a replacement of the electrical cable going between the sensor and the underwater unit. Nothing worked. Finally, a more thorough study of the calibration constants was done. This conductivity cell was recently calibrated and new calibration values were being used in the data acquisition program. This revealed that two of the values were in the wrong order in the calibration file, and once that was fixed,
Agood@ salinity values were produced. Earlier recorded values were corrected by post-processing the Araw@ ESS data files. en320/en320.html:Found Salinity problem in constants for probe
B FIXED S en320/en320.html:HTI quitB invalid calibration file en320/en320.html:
c:\hit_dep\al9901_config.cfg RESTART and SAVE after bongoB GPS lost, start on com2, but not saved yet...2055 en320/en320.html:
problem with GPS not recording properlyB tunred off machine and rebootedB tough goB had to reboot a couple of times and turn com GPS off and on before it would begin to acquire data en320/en320.html:
watch changeB missed change by 15 minutes. en320/en320.html:
missed 15 min of tapeB no timer en320/en320.html:
at Station 29 stillB started at end of Sta 29 Moc (ESS and acoustics) en320/en320_acousrpt_fig16.html:
Figure 17. The J-frame with the Greene Bomber deployed on R/V ENDEAVOR 320. Note the way the towing line is lead through two blocks on the J-frame to enable the towed body to be picked up from the aft block and still be able to wind the cable onto the winch which lines up with the forward block. Also note that carabineers were used to keep the electrical cable Aattached@ to the towing line.
en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:A priority was assigned to each of the 41 standard stations that determined the equipment that was deployed during the station's activities. At high priority "full" stations, a Bongo net equipped with a SeaBird CTD was towed obliquely to near the bottom. A CTD (equipped with a fluorometer and transmissometer) profile to the bottom was made and rosette bottles collected water samples for salinity and chlorophyll calibrations, chlorophyll concentrations, phytoplankton species counts, and 18O/16O water analysis. A large volume zooplankton pumping system was used to profile the water column. A 1-m2 MOCNESS was towed obliquely to make vertically stratified collections for zooplankton (150 mm mesh) and then to make collections of fish larvae (335 mm mesh). Weather permitting, a 10-m2 MOCNESS was towed obliquely to make vertically stratified collections of juvenile cod and haddock, and the larger predators of the target species. At lower priority stations, a Bongo tow, CTD profile, and 1-m2 MOCNESS tow were made. At some stations, the SeaBird CTD/Niskin bottle cast was made for calibration purposes. A summary of the sampling events that took place during the cruise is provided in Appendix I.
en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:Station 9 was occupied during the afternoon. A slow (5 m/min) vertical Ajel net@ (i.e., a bongo with 1000 um mesh net) tow was done for Larry Madin, with another, faster tow of the same net for his student, Annette Frese, to collect swimming predators. Despite dire predictions of storms, gales, and 50 knot winds, we continued working through the day, completing work at Station 10 before midnight.
en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:In curiously calm and flat conditions, the nightwatch completed our first Aperfect@ station, including pump and 10-m2 MOCNESS deployment, at Station 12. The wind sprang up just as the 10-m2 MOCNESS nets were being lashed down. Weather conditions worsened through the early morning. The decks were secured for weather at 0845 hr, postponing work at Station 13 until after the coming gale. Captain McMunn plans to take the ship into deeper waters to the south and east of the Bank.
en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:Nightwatch sat through the last of the 48 hr weather downtime, with Neile and Christina using the time to make St. Patrick=s Day favors for a AStupid Hat Party@. Winds had lessened to 30 kts by midnight and continued to fall through the night.
en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:A science meeting was held at the watch change at 1600 hr to formulate a strategy for the remainder of the cruise. Working backward from our desired arrival time, we built a schedule in which all remaining stations were to be occupied, with station work trimmed. Plan AB@ called for dropping all 10-m2 MOCNESS deployments, dropping pump deployments at priority 2 stations, and replacing 1-m2 MOCNESS deployments with bongos at priority 4 stations. This plan should have us wrapping up work at 2200 hr on Monday. We discussed with Captain McMunn the possibility of stopping at Woods Hole to off-load all heavy gear. If the sea state allows us to cross Nantucket Shoals, we should be able to make Woods Hole on the morning high tide (beginning 0800 hr) and then Narragansett on the afternoon tide (no later than 1630 hr). In the event of foul weather, we will head around the shoals and plan for a 1200 hr arrival in Narragansett.
en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:Nightwatch completed work at Station 28 and deployed one pair of drifters. Daywatch took over for the second and third pairs of drifter deployments. We then delayed the intermediate bongo tow for an abandon-ship drill, with testing of survival suits. We worked to our APlan B@ schedule, gaining some time on the schedule during the morning. Nightwatch finished Station 29 in the afternoon, and the daywatch occupied Station 30 in the evening. The CTD cast was redone after the 1-m2 MOCNESS deployment. The problem on the first cast - discovered after testing eliminated all other causes - was only cock-pit error. Conditions continued calm, with the seas about as flat as we had seen them this trip.
en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:TypographicSymbols">=s en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:Bongo tows were made with a 0.61-m frame fitted with paired 335
mm mesh nets. A 45 kg ball was attached beneath the bongo frame to depress the sampler. Digital flow meters were suspended in the mouth of each net to determine the volume of water filtered. Tows were made according to standard MARMAP procedures, (i.e., oblique from surface to within five meters of bottom or to a maximum depth of 200 m while maintaining a constant wire angle throughout the tow). Wire payout and retrieval rates were 50 m/min and 20 m/min respectively. These rates were reduced in shallow water (<60 m) to obtain a minimum of a five minute tow or reduced due to adverse weather and sea conditions. A Seabird profiler CTD was attached to the towing wire above the frame to monitor sampling depth in real time mode and to measure and record temperature and salinity. Once back on board, the 335 mm mesh nets were rinsed with seawater into a 330 mm mesh sieve. The contents of one sieve were preserved in 5% formalin and kept for ichthyoplankton species composition, abundance and distribution. The other sample was preserved in 95% ethanol and kept for age and growth analysis of larval fish. The same preservation procedure was followed as for the 1-m2 MOCNESS. en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:At stations where the 1-m2 MOCNESS system was not used, a second bongo tow was made. This frame was fitted with both 335
mm mesh and 200 mm mesh nets. Digital flow meters were suspended in the mouth of each net to determine the volume of water filtered. Tows were made according to standard MARMAP procedures except maximum tow depth was 500 m. Wire payout and retrieval rates were 50 m/min and 20 m/min respectively. The nets were each rinsed with seawater into a corresponding mesh sieve. Large catches were subsampled so as to retain only one sample jar per net. The 200 mm mesh sample was retained for zooplankton species composition, abundance and distribution, and preserved in 10% formalin. The other sample (335 mm mesh) was kept for molecular population genetic analysis of the copepod, Calanus finmarchicus, and preserved in 95% ethanol. After 24 h of initial preservation, the alcohol was changed. en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:The 1-m2 MOCNESS sampler was loaded with ten nets. Nets 1-4 were fitted with 150
mm mesh for the collection of older and larger copepodite and adult stages of the zooplankton. Nets 0, and 5-9 were fitted with 335 mm mesh for zooplankton (nets 0 and 5) and ichthyoplankton (nets 6-9) collection. Tows were double oblique from the surface to within 5 m from the bottom. The maximum tow depth for nets 0, 1 and 5 was 500 m, and for net 6 was 200 m (if net 5 was sampled deeper than 200 m, it was returned up to 200 m and closed). Winch rates for nets 0-5 were 15 m/min and for nets 6-9, 10 m/min. The depth strata sampled were 0-15 m, 15-40 m, 40-100 m, and >100 m. The first (#0) and sixth (#5) nets were integrated hauls. For shallow stations, with only 2 or 3 of the depth strata, not all nets were fished. The contents of nets 0-4 were sieved through 150 mm mesh sieve, subsampled using a 2-L plankton sample splitter if the final biomass volume was too large for one quart jar, and then preserved in 10% formalin. Samples from nets 5-9 were sieved through 330 mm mesh sieve and preserved in 95% ethanol. After 24 h of initial preservation, the alcohol was changed. The used ethanol was retained for disposal or recycling ashore. At priority 1 and 2 stations and at station 40, 100-ml subsamples were taken from nets 1-4 (150 mm mesh) and preserved in 10% formalin for C.B. Miller (Oregon State University). At priority 1 and 2 stations, 100-ml subsamples from nets 1-4 were removed and preserved in 95% ethanol. These samples were collected for A. Bucklin for population genetic studies to distinguish the Pseudocalanus species found on Georges Bank. en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:The 10-m2 MOCNESS was loaded with five 3.0 mm mesh nets. Tows were oblique from surface to ~10 m from bottom or a maximum depth of 500 m. The same depth strata were sampled as with the 1-m2 MOCNESS. The winch rate for retrieval varied between 5 and 20 m/min depending on the depth stratum. The slow winch rates were used in order to filter at least 4,000-5,000 m3 of water per depth stratum sampled. A stepped oblique tow profile during retrieval was used to achieve this, if needed. Catches were sieved through a 330
mm mesh, and preserved in 10% formalin. en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:A gasoline powered diaphragm pump was used to collect nauplii and younger, smaller copepodite stages of zooplankton. The intake hose was deployed off the starboard side J-frame by affixing a release shackle to the end of the hose and clipping it to the weight used to depress the array. Snap clips attached to the hose at 10 m intervals were clipped to the winch wire as the hose was deployed. A book clamp was positioned on the winch wire just above the end termination to keep the hose from falling down on the termination as the wire was raised during retrieval. Clipping the hose to the winch wire assured that the hose was no more than 5 m from the wire and kept it from getting fouled on the ship. This arrangement also allowed the hose to move vertically along the winch wire as it was retrieved. The winch meter block was zeroed at the surface and the wire out reading was used to determine the depth of the cast. A 100 kg weight was used to depress the array. Three or four 30 m sections of 7 cm diameter hose were connected to the pump, allowing the intake hose to attain a maximum depth of approximately 100 m. At shallow stations (<100 m), the intake nozzle was lowered to 3-5 meters off the bottom. The discharge end of the hose was diverted to a surge dampener before it entered the collection net. This caused the flow to be laminar as it passed the flow meter, allowing a more accurate measurement of flow rate. Once the hose had been deployed to the desired depth it was raised at a constant rate and samples collected. Wire retrieval rate was approximately 4 m/min which provided volumes of about 200 L per 5 m depth interval. Sampling depths were from the maximum depth to 75 m, 75-40 m, 40-15 m, and 15 m to the surface. The hose was allowed to flush for a predetermined interval before collection began, before each net change, and once the hose had reached the surface. Flushing time was calculated based on the flow rate of the pump and depending on the length of hose used at each station. The three integrated depth samples were collected with 30
mm mesh nets, sieved through a 30 mm mesh sieve and preserved in 10% formalin. en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:335-
mm mesh 89 preserved, EtOH en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:200-
mm mesh 10 preserved, 10% formalin en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:150-
mm mesh(Nets 1-4) 86 preserved, 10% formalin en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:335-
mm mesh(Net 0) 28 preserved, 10% formalin en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:335-
mm mesh(Nets 5-9) 122 preserved, EtOH en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:35-
mm mesh 26 preserved, 10% formalin en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:1000-
mm mesh 9 tows 10 preserved, 10% formalin en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:1000-
mm mesh 6 tows 7 preserved, EtOH en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:Brief descriptions of zooplankton species composition appear below. Observations were made at most standard stations sampled during this cruise from the net #0 samples (335
mm mesh) 1-m2 MOCNESS, unless otherwise stated. en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:During the cruise, shipboard samples from all the 5% formalin preserved bongo
AB@ nets were observed while in the jar for the presence and estimated quantities of fish larvae and eggs. These quick observations were done in an attempt to obtain a qualitative estimate of the ichthyoplankton abundances, distribution and size ranges on Georges Bank. en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:100=Sand lance larval distribution for this cruise was generally patchy, with the greater number of larvae being found on the western portion of the bank. Larval numbers were low (1-40 larvae/station) at most stations with two exceptions, stations 46 and 51, which are along the 60-meter isobath on the central portion of the Bank (Fig. 13B). These two stations had the highest concentrations of sand lance with numbers of 75 and 60 respectively. The standard lengths ranged from 15
B 45 mm with a mean of ~20 mm. en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:We are currently involved in a study of gonad development in Calanus finmarchicus fifth copepodites (C5). Analysis of animals collected during the 1998 U.S. GLOBEC cruise season has revealed two distinct types of early stage gonads. The reason for the two different early gonad morphologies has yet to be determined, but may be a reflection of gender. There is a strong correlation between gonad assessments made on live C5
=s in the field and the same individuals in the laboratory after preservation. On EN-320, I separated fifth copepodites from stations 1 and 17 based on gonad type and carried out simple onboard incubations of 25 individuals with early stage gonads. The animals were held in approximately 150 ml seawater in small plastic beakers. The beakers were arranged in a bath of running seawater to maintain a constant temperature. Each day, five liters of seawater was filtered down to a 500 ml volume using a siphon fitted with 40 micron mesh to concentrate the natural plankton, then used to replace the water in the beakers. After approximately five days, the copepodites were preserved for examination in the laboratory to determine the developing sex. en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:Vertical casts and oblique tows were made using a 0.61-m bongo frame fitted with paired 1000
mm mesh nets to collect larger gelatinous predators (referred to as Jelnet-2 in the Event Log). A 45 kg ball was attached beneath the bongo frame to depress the sampler. The vertical casts were made from surface to within 10-15 m of bottom, or to a maximum depth of 100 m. The net was deployed at a winch rate of 20 m/min and retrieved at a rate of 4-5 m/min. Depth of cast was determined by the actual wire out. The contents of the nets were combined and preserved in 10% formalin and kept for species composition, abundance and distribution. en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:Collections were made at various depths at all of the regular hydrographic stations sampled during the March 1999 Broadscale survey cruise aboard R/V ENDEAVOR, using the 1.7 liter Niskin bottles mounted on the rosette sampler. Additional surface water samples were collected at positions between the regular stations (Stations numbers >41) using water collected from the ship
=s flowing seawater system (sample depth ca. 2m). en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:Samples for dissolved inorganic nutrients and chlorophyll were collected at all stations. Water samples for DIN were filtered through 0.45
mm Millipore cellulose acetate membrane filters, and the samples frozen immediately in 20ml polyethylene scintillation vials by first placing the vials in a seawater-ice bath for about 10 minutes. Samples will be analyzed on shore immediately following the cruise using a Technicon II 4-Channel AutoAnalyzer. en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:In deep water, a hypothetical seasonal summary of the stable isotopes of nitrogen might look like Fig. 16. The transition shows photic zone water supplied by winter mixing of
Alight@ deep ocean water (high in N14 relative to N15) modified to Aheavy@ water sequestered by summer stratification near the surface. Phytoplankton preferentially take Alight@ nitrate out of the water in the spring, as soon as the mixed layer depth shoals sufficiently to allow them enough light to grow. en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:On this cruise, I sampled at 22 stations (Table II). At each station, multiple 2 to 4 liter samples of sea water were filtered to obtain particulate isotopic weights from various depths. Surface water particulate samples were filtered onto both GFF and GFD filters, for analysis of bacterial contributions to the particulate isotopic weights. Water from the CTD bottles was then filtered onto GFD
=s, divided into mixed layer and deep samples. All particulate samples were then en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:On this cruise, a portion of the R/V ENDEAVOR lab was the operations center for the high frequency acoustics work. The
Aacoustics system@ consisted of the AGreene Bomber@, a five-foot V-fin towed body, a Hydroacoustics Technology, Inc Digital Echo Sounder (HTI-DES), several computers for data acquisition, post processing, and logging of notes, plus some other gear. In the Greene Bomber, there were two down-looking transducers (120 and 420 kHz each with 3 degree beams), a multiplexor pressure case for multiplexing the data from the two transducers, and an Environmental Sensing System (ESS). The ESS was mounted inside the V-fin with temperature, conductivity, and fluorescence sensors attached to a stainless steel framework outside of the fiberglass housing. The fish was also carrying a transponder that would have proved useful in locating it if it had happened to break free of the towing cable. en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:In the lab, the data came in on a single 24 conductor cable with separate shielded groups of wires, one for each transducer and one for the ESS. This was a new cable that replaced the one that failed on the previous cruise (AL9901, January 1999). The HTI-DES has its own computer (a PC104-80486 -100 MHz) and five digital Signal Processor boards (DSPs). It received the data from the transducers, did a series of complex processing steps, and then transferred the results to the Pentium PC over a local area network (LAN) where the data were logged to disk and displayed. The
Araw@ unprocessed data were also written to a DAT tape (Table III; each tape holds two gigabytes of data and we used about 89 tapes during this cruise). Immense amounts of data were handled very quickly by this system. The environmental data came into a second PC and were processed, displayed, and logged to disk. Both systems required GPS navigation data and those data were being supplied by the ship=s P-code GPS receiver which were logged as part of the ESS data stream. Periodically, the data were transferred to a third computer for post-processing. It was at this stage that we could visualize the acoustic records and begin to see the acoustic patterns which were characteristic of the Bank. en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:We also had a problem with the acquisition of conductivity data from the SeaBird sensor which forced us to stop acquiring data until the problems could be fixed. From the beginning of the first deployment, the conductivity sensor on the Greene Bomber did not appear to be working. The towed body was brought on the deck at the beginning of Station # 2. A number of checks were made, but nothing wrong was found with the sensor or cable. The fish was returned to the water without the system producing good salinity data. Additional checks and modifications to the gear were made during periods when the towed body was brought on deck for maintenance including a replacement of the electrical cable going between the sensor and the underwater unit. Nothing worked. Finally, a more thorough study of the calibration constants was done. This conductivity cell was recently calibrated and new calibration values were being used in the data acquisition program. This revealed that two of the values were in the wrong order in the calibration file, and once that was fixed,
Agood@ salinity values were produced. Earlier recorded values were corrected by post-processing the Araw@ ESS data files. en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:TypographicSymbols">Afish@Figure 17. The J-frame with the Greene Bomber deployed on R/V ENDEAVOR 320. Note the way the towing line is lead through two blocks on the J-frame to enable the towed body to be picked up from the aft block and still be able to wind the cable onto the winch which lines up with the forward block. Also note that carabineers were used to keep the electrical cable Aattached@ to the towing line. en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:Found Salinity problem in constants for probe
B FIXED S en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:HTI quit
B invalid calibration file en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:c:\hit_dep\al9901_config.cfg RESTART and SAVE after bongoB GPS lost, start on com2, but not saved yet...2055 en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:
problem with GPS not recording properlyB tunred off machine and rebootedB tough goB had to reboot a couple of times and turn com GPS off and on before it would begin to acquire data en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:
watch changeB missed change by 15 minutes. en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:
missed 15 min of tapeB no timer en320/en320_cruise_rptall_p.aug99.html:
at Station 29 stillB started at end of Sta 29 Moc (ESS and acoustics) en323_en324/real-time_modeling_report.html:would enter the model domain at 40° 40'N, 69° 00'W and proceed east until reaching the 80m isobath, en323_en324/real-time_modeling_report.html:style='font-family:Symbol;mso-ascii-font-family:"Courier New";mso-hansi-font-family: en323_en324/real-time_modeling_report.html:"Courier New";mso-char-type:symbol;mso-symbol-font-family:Symbol'>°
57' en323_en324/real-time_modeling_report.html:67° en323_en324/real-time_modeling_report.html:tracer patch was bounded to the south by 41° 05'N, to the east by 67° en323_en324/real-time_modeling_report.html:22'W, and to the west by 67° 30'W; the northern extent was yet to be determined. en323_en324/real-time_modeling_report.html:bounded to the north by 41° 08'N, to the east by 67° 25.5', to the south by 41° en323_en324/real-time_modeling_report.html:04'N, and to the west by 67° 31'W. These delineations are shown as a solid line in en323_en324/real-time_modeling_report.html:EN324_FC.55 ¾the en323_en324/real-time_modeling_report.html-ori:out so that we would enter the model domain at 40° en323_en324/real-time_modeling_report.html-ori:40'N, 69° 00'W and proceed east en323_en324/real-time_modeling_report.html-ori:position of the 8m isobath up to 40° en323_en324/real-time_modeling_report.html-ori:57' 67° 04', a point just SE of en323_en324/real-time_modeling_report.html-ori:tracer patch was bounded to the south by 41° en323_en324/real-time_modeling_report.html-ori:05'N, to the east by 67° 22'W, en323_en324/real-time_modeling_report.html-ori:and to the west by 67° 30'W; en323_en324/real-time_modeling_report.html-ori:to the north by 41° 08'N, to en323_en324/real-time_modeling_report.html-ori:the east by 67° 25.5', to the en323_en324/real-time_modeling_report.html-ori:south by 41° 04'N, and to the en323_en324/real-time_modeling_report.html-ori:west by 67° 31'W. These en323_en324/real-time_modeling_report.html-ori:EN324_FC.55 ¾the one in hud9877/hud9877.html_word:(11) Compute downcast salinity, potential density(s hud9877/hud9877.html_word:q hud9877/hud9877.html_word:), potential temperature(q hud9877/hud9877.html_word:
Plots and status info displayed by the SEASAVE program during the acquisition are discarded when the program terminates. The post-processing plotting was not included in the batch job because SEABIRD's SEAPLOT program requires interactive operator attention. Plots produced after each station include T, S, O2, and s hud9877/hud9877.html_word:q hud9877/hud9877.html_word:
The performance of the YSI O2 sensor was similar to that on previous cruises. The surface values on the downtrace appeared to be fully equilibrated, thanks to a 3 min. waiting period (as suggested by the manufacturer), but there was usually a large hysteresis between the down- and uptraces in the vicinity of the pycnocline, and there were occasional spikes from the electronics. The hysteresis probably results from a mismatch of the temperature and O2 sensors in the probe and might be improved by applying filters with appropriate phase lags. The dissolved oxygen samples collected from calibration bottles were analyzed on board with the automated titration unit borrowed from Marine Chemistry. These "replicates" agreed to within a mean difference of 0.02 ml/l, with a standard deviation of 0.01 ml/l (Table 2a). Comparisons between the YSI measurements and bottle samples revealed a substantial mean offset between the sensor and titrated values. These offsets were most pronounced and variable at the first 11 stations of the cruise, after which the malfunctioning sensor was replaced. Over the remaining stations, the mean offset was actually larger, but the standard deviation about that mean was reduced by a factor of three (Table 2a). A linear regression of titrated on YSI sensor values at 50 m and the bottom provides an effective calibration (Table 2b) with high correlation and relatively low standard error (± hud9877/hud9877.html_word:
SENSOR(CTD) NO. SAMPLES a± hud9877/hud9877.html_word:d hud9877/hud9877.html_word:a b± hud9877/hud9877.html_word:d hud9877/hud9877.html_word:b(ml/l) ± hud9877/hud9877.html_word:d hud9877/hud9877.html_word:
YSI(12-38) 27 0.898± hud9877/hud9877.html_word:0.042 -0.128± hud9877/hud9877.html_word:0.261 ± hud9877/hud9877.html_word:
(c) sigma-q hud9877/hud9877.html_word:
(c) sigma-q hud9877/hud9877.html_word:
(c) sigma-q hud9877/hud9877.html_word:
(c) sigma-q hud9877/hud9877.html_word:
Figure 7 Hydrographic section IV (CTD24,28,29,30-32) along the slope water inflow axis (~ hud9877/hud9877.html_word:
(c) sigma-q hud9877/hud9877.html_word:
(c) sigma-q oakey/fig03.ps:/Symbol findfont 12.00 sc sf oakey/fig03.ps:/Symbol findfont 9.00 sc sf oakey/fig04.ps:/Symbol findfont 12.00 sc sf oakey/fig04.ps:/Symbol findfont 9.00 sc sf oakey/fig06.ps:/Symbol findfont 12.00 sc sf oakey/fig06.ps:/Symbol findfont 9.00 sc sf oakey/fig09.ps:/Symbol findfont 12.00 sc sf oakey/fig09.ps:/Symbol findfont 9.00 sc sf oakey/fig10.ps:/Symbol findfont 12.00 sc sf oakey/fig10.ps:/Symbol findfont 9.00 sc sf oc331/oc331_report.html:
Figure 26. Contours of relative fluoresence at 0.5 volt intervals (where 5 v ~ 30 mg/l chlorophyll-a) on the Northeast Peak oc331/oc331_report.html:
Figure 32. Contours of relative fluorescence at 0.5 volt intervals (where 5 v ~ 30 mg/l chlorophyll-a) on the Mid-Bank oc331/oc331_report.html:
Figure 38. Contours of relative fluorescence at 0.5 volt intervals (where 5 v ~ 30 mg/l chlorophyll-a) on the first
oc331/oc331_report.html: Figure 44. Contours of relative fluorescence at 0.5 volt intervals (where 5 v ~ 30 mg/l chlorophyll-a) on the second
oc333/crurptoc333.html: 41° 45.903’ 66° 05.388’ 42° 04.797’ 66° 42.002’ 42° 04.801’ 66° 42.162’ 42° 04.773’ 66° 42.080’ 42° 09.835’ 66° 42.510’ 42° 09.802’ 66° 42.521’ 41° 43.947’ 66° 32.262’ 41° 43.851’ 66° 32.091’ 41° 43.923’ 66° 32.176’ The BIOMAPER II system consisted of the towed body, a 1000 m piece of 0.68" electro-optical cable on the ship=s Dynacon traction trawl winch, and a standard 20' shipping Van converted into a sea-going laboratory. For this cruise, BIOMAPER II was carrying the HTI acoustic system with 5 pairs of transducers (43, 120 200, 420, and 1000 kHz -up and down looking), a Video Plankton Recorder (VPR), an Environmental Sensing System (pressure, temperature, conductivity, fluorescence, downwelling light, beam transmission), and the Sosik Bio-optical package (2 ac-9's, and upwelling and downwelling Spectral Radiometers). Two subsurface and six van based PC microcomputers were used in the real-time data acquisition and data processing (see figure from OCEANUS cruise 332 report). On OCEANUS Cruise 334, BIOMAPER II had to be launched and recovered by the ship=s crane located on the O-1 deck, and towed from a newly reinforced J-frame located on the main deck=s starboard quarter. The towing wire (0.68 electo-optical wire with three copper conductors and 3 glass fibers, and a breaking strength of 46,000 lbs) was spooled onto the drum of the ship=s Dynacon traction winch located in a room underneath the stern portion of the main deck. At the start of the cruise, the Bosun, Jeff Stolp, organized members of the scientific party so that there was a person for each job associated with operation and that person always was responsible for doing that job. Joe Warren and Karen Fisher ran the air tuggers, Andy Girard controlled the mechanical quick release. Karl Fisher kept lines clear and installed or removed straps holding BIOMAPER II on the deck, Peter Wiebe guided the trawl cable and worked the J-frame. A crew member ran the winch and another ran the crane. Launch and recovery was done with the ship steaming ahead at about 1.5 to 2.0 kts. BIOMAPER II was located on the starboard deck aft of the CTD. It was secured to the deck with heaviest of the aircraft tie-down rachet straps, two per side. A pair of air tuggers were positioned inboard and ahead and behind of BIOMAPER II. The air tuggers reels were loaded with 3/8" Spectra line with a closing snap hook attached to the end. A pair of deck cleats were bolted to the deck near by the tuggers and a bit outboard of them. Screwed into the deck next to the cleats and still further outboard was an eye-bolt. To prepare to launch the fish, two lines were attached to the eye-bolts on the deck. These lines were lead to the stainless rail along the top inboard side of the fish, passed over the rail, and then down to the cleat where they were figure-8ed. A lifting strap was put into place around the lift point on BIOMAPER II=s towing bail and this strap was attached to mechanical quick release mechanism. While the lines and lifting strap were being put into place, the Bosun was directing the crane to move to a position near the J-frame and then the head-ache ball and jib cable were lowered to where he could grab a hold of it. The Bosun walked the head-ache ball forward as the crane was then maneuvered to a position just outboard of BIOMAPER II. The quick-release-mechanism=s pear-ring was snapped into the head-ache ball hook and the slack taken out of the lifting assembly by hauling in on the crane=s jib cable. With the 0.68" electro-optical cable being held inboard of the fish (to prevent it from coming in contact with the transmissometer or tail assembly and light sensors), the jib cable was hauled up while the restraining lines were held tight. The fish was lifted off the deck, but held inboard of the ship=s railing by the restraining lines until it was high enough to clear the railing. Then the lines were eased as the crane boom was lowered to move the fish outboard while the jib cable continued to be raised. Once the fish was well clear of the railing, the jib cable was lowered fairly quickly to get the fish into the water and under the sea surface. The restraining lines were cleared as the fish entered the water. The MOCNESS samples were used for several projects, which required sample splitting and preservation using a variety of methods. One-half splits were preserved in 10% buffered formalin for silhouette analysis to ground-truth the bio-acoustic measurements. One-quarter splits were made up to 600 ml, and 180 ml were removed and preserved in 5% formalin for C.B. Miller=s (OSU) studies of copepod life history. The remainder of the 600 ml were placed on ice for later sorting of target species for molecular studies by A. Bucklin (UNH). The final one-quarter split was sieved and spooned into plastic bags and frozen for stable isotope analyses by K. Fisher (Cornell), and molecular analyses by P. Hassett (Ohio Univ.) and A. Bucklin (UNH). BIOMAPER II was equipped with a single-camera VPR mounted on the front of the upper surface of the vehicle with the camera (starboard) and strobe (port) facing inward (Figure 5). The separation distance between the camera and strobe transparent ports was approximately 28.5 cm. The camera imaged a volume of 4.6 ml with dimensions of 17 mm wide x 13.0 mm tall x 21 mm deep. The center of the volume was located approximately 12 cm from the camera pressure port. The actual volume that was detected by the frame grabber has a more limited height because the section of the video image where the time-code is displayed is not included. Thus, the effective volume was 3.9 ml per field with dimensions of 17 mm wide by 11 mm tall by 21 mm deep. The strobe was not equipped with a red filter and it illuminated targets with white light that flashed at 60 Hz synchronized to the camera with a 20 ms pulse length. Light from the strobe was aimed obliquely relative to the camera so that dark field illumination of targets was achieved. See R/V Oceanus 332 cruise report for further details. 42° 04.80’ 66° 42.00’ 42° 04.71’ 66° 42.27’ 42° 04.60’ 66° 41.93’ 42° 04.49’ 66° 42.04’ 41° 44.29’ 66° 06.78’ 41° 44.31’ 66° 06.53’ 42° 09.79’ 66° 42.19’ 42° 10. 25’ 66° 42.57’