q Partitioning of N. Atlantic into three semi-distinct gyre systems, small exchange resulting in partially isolated geographic populations.

q Eastern and Western genetic differentiation based on mt16S rRNA
(Bucklin and Kocher, 1996).

 Bucklin et al., 2000, Wiebe et al., 2001
Three-gyre hypothesis

q Genetic differentiation among the gyres based on nuclear pseudo-COI and PGI genes (Bucklin et al, 2000).