MATLAB Getting Started Introduction What Is MATLAB? The MATLAB System MATLAB Documentation MATLAB Online Help Starting and Quitting MATLAB Starting MATLAB Quitting MATLAB MATLAB Desktop Matrices and Arrays Matrices and Magic Squares Entering Matrices sum, transpose, and diag Subscripts The Colon Operator The magic Function Expressions Variables Numbers Operators Functions Examples of Expressions Working with Matrices Generating Matrices The load Function M-Files Concatenation Deleting Rows and Columns More About Matrices and Arrays Linear Algebra Arrays Multivariate Data Scalar Expansion Logical Subscripting The find Function Controlling Command Window Input and Output The format Function Suppressing Output Entering Long Statements Command Line Editing Graphics Overview of MATLAB Plotting The Plotting Process Graph Components Figure Tools Arranging Graphs Within a Figure Selecting Plot Types Editing Plots Plot Editing Mode Using Functions to Edit Graphs Examples -- Using MATLAB Plotting Tools Modifying the Graph Data Source Preparing Graphs for Presentation Modify the Graph to Enhance the Presentation Printing the Graph Exporting the Graph Basic Plotting Functions Creating a Plot Multiple Data Sets in One Graph Specifying Line Styles and Colors Plotting Lines and Markers Imaginary and Complex Data Adding Plots to an Existing Graph Figure Windows Multiple Plots in One Figure Controlling the Axes Axis Labels and Titles Saving Figures Mesh and Surface Plots Visualizing Functions of Two Variables Images Reading and Writing Images Printing Graphics Handle Graphics Using the Handle Graphics Objects Setting Object Properties Specifying the Axes or Figure Finding the Handles of Existing Objects Animations Erase Mode Method Creating Movies Programming Flow Control if, else, and elseif switch and case for while continue break try - catch return Other Data Structures Multidimensional Arrays Cell Arrays Characters and Text Structures Scripts and Functions Scripts Functions Types of Functions Global Variables Passing String Arguments to Functions The eval Function Function Handles Function Functions Vectorization Preallocation Creating Graphical User Interfaces What Is GUIDE? Laying Out a GUI Starting GUIDE The Layout Editor Programming a GUI Desktop Tools and Development Environment Desktop Overview Arranging the Desktop Start Button Command Window and Command History Command Window Command History Help Browser Current Directory Browser and Search Path Current Directory Search Path Workspace Browser and Array Editor Workspace Browser Array Editor Editor/Debugger M-Lint Code Check and Profiler Reports M-Lint Code Check Report Profiler Other Development Environment Features Examples Development Environment Mathematics Programming and Data Types Graphics 3-D Visualization Creating Graphical User Interfaces External Interfaces Desktop Tools and Development Environment Startup and Shutdown Starting MATLAB Starting MATLAB on Windows Platforms Starting MATLAB on UNIX Platforms Startup Directory for MATLAB Startup Options Startup and Calling Java from MATLAB Toolbox Path Caching in MATLAB Quitting MATLAB Confirm Quitting MATLAB Running a Script When Quitting MATLAB Desktop Overview of the Desktop Example of Desktop--Default Layout Summary of Desktop Tools Arranging the Desktop--Overview Opening and Arranging Tools Opening and Arranging Documents Examples of Desktop Arrangements Saving Desktop Layouts Common Desktop Features Start Button for Accessing Tools Shortcuts for MATLAB--Easily Run a Group of Statements Web Browser Menus and Context Menus Toolbars Status Bar Sizing, Arranging, and Sorting Columns in Tools Keyboard Shortcuts (Accelerators) and Mnemonics Selecting Multiple Items Cut, Copy, Paste, and Move Printing and Page Setup Options for Desktop Tools Accessing The MathWorks on the Web Fonts, Colors, and Other Preferences Fonts Preferences for Desktop Tools Colors Preferences for Desktop Tools General Preferences for MATLAB About Preferences Running Functions--Command Window and History Opening the Command Window Running Functions and Programs, and Entering Variables Running Statements at the Command Line Prompt Running External Programs Evaluating or Opening a Selection Hyperlinks for Running Functions Controlling Input Case and Space Sensitivity Syntax Highlighting Cut, Copy, Paste, and Undo Features Enter Multiple Lines Without Running Them Entering Multiple Functions in a Line Entering Long Statements Recalling Previous Lines Tab Completion Keyboard Shortcuts in the Command Window Navigating Above the Command Line Controlling Output Echoing Execution Suppressing Output Paging of Output in the Command Window Formatting and Spacing Numeric Output Clearing the Command Window Printing Command Window Contents Keeping a Session Log Searching in the Command Window Find Dialog Box Incremental Search Preferences for the Command Window Format, Display, and Accessibility Preferences Keyboard and Indenting Preferences for the Command Window See Also Command History Viewing Statements in the Command History Window Using Statements from the Command History Window Searching in the Command History Window Printing the Command History Window Deleting Entries from the Command History Window Preferences for Command History Settings Saving See Also Help for Using MATLAB Help Browser Overview Resizing the Help Browser Adding Your Own Help Files to the Help Browser Types of Documentation Accessing Documentation on the Web Documentation in Other Languages Finding Information with the Help Browser Contents Listing in the Help Browser Index for the Help Browser Search Documentation with the Help Browser Favorites Viewing Documentation in the Help Browser Browse to Other Pages Links Find Text in Displayed Pages Copy Information Evaluate a Selection View the Page Source (HTML) Demos in the Help Browser Using Demos Adding Your Own Demos Preferences for the Help Browser Product Filter PDF Reader--Specifying Its Location General--Keep Contents Synchronized Help Fonts Preferences--Specifying Font Name, Style, and Size Printed Documentation Printing a Page from the Help Browser Printing the PDF Version of Documentation Help Functions View Function Reference Pages--the doc Function Getting Help in the Command Window--the help Function Other Forms of Help Documentation for Other Products Product-Specific Help Features User-Contributed M-Files Technical Support Newsgroup for MathWorks Products Other Resources for MATLAB Information Version and License Information Provide Feedback Workspace, Search Path, and File Operations MATLAB Workspace Opening the Workspace Browser Viewing and Editing Values in the Current Workspace Saving the Current Workspace Loading a Saved Workspace and Importing Data Changing and Copying Variable Names Deleting Workspace Variables Viewing Base and Function Workspaces Using the Stack Creating Graphics from the Workspace Browser Opening Variables and Objects for Viewing and Editing Viewing and Editing Workspace Variables with the Array Editor Opening the Array Editor Viewing and Editing Cell Arrays, Structures, and Multidimensional Arrays Navigating and Editing Shortcut Keys for the Array Editor Changing Array Size, Content, and Format of Elements in the Array Editor Cut, Copy, Paste, and Delete in the Array Editor Exchanging Data with the Command Window Exchanging Data with Excel Creating Graphs and Variables from the Current Selection Preferences for the Array Editor Search Path About the Search Path How the Search Path Determines Which Function to Use How MATLAB Finds the Search Path, pathdef.m Viewing and Setting the Search Path Using the Path in Future Sessions Recovering from Problems with the Search Path File Management Operations Current Directory Field Current Directory Browser Viewing and Making Changes to Directories Creating, Renaming, Copying, and Removing Directories and Files Opening and Running Files Finding Files and Content Within Files Accessing Source Control Features Preferences for the Current Directory Browser Editing and Debugging M-Files Begin with Existing Code Create M-Files from Command Window and History Use Existing M-Files and Examples Ways to Edit and Debug M-Files Starting, Customizing, and Closing the Editor/Debugger Creating a New File in the Editor/Debugger Opening Existing Files in the Editor/Debugger Opening the Editor Without Starting MATLAB Arranging Editor/Debugger Documents Preferences for the Editor/Debugger Creating and Editing Other Text File Types Closing the Editor/Debugger Creating, Editing, and Running Files Entering Statements Appearance of an M-File Keyboard and Mouse Shortcuts in the Editor/Debugger Navigating in an M-File Finding Text in Files Opening a Selection in an M-File Saving M-Files Running M-Files from the Editor/Debugger Printing M-Files Closing M-Files Debugging M-Files Finding Errors in M-Files Debugging Example--The Collatz Problem Debugging Process and Features Preparing for Debugging Setting Breakpoints Running an M-File with Breakpoints Stepping Through an M-File Examining Values Correcting Problems and Ending Debugging Conditional Breakpoints Breakpoints in Anonymous Functions Error Breakpoints Rapid Code Iteration Using Cells Defining Cells Navigating and Evaluating with Cells Using Cells in Function M-Files Tuning and Managing M-Files Visual Directory in Current Directory Browser Navigate Directory Hierarchy View and Edit Files Sort by Contents.m Run, Make Thumbnail, Delete File (Show Actions) Show File Sizes Show Function or Script Directory Reports in Current Directory Browser Accessing and Using Directory Reports TODO/FIXME Report Help Report Contents Report Dependency Report File Comparison Report Coverage Report M-Lint Code Check Report Accessing M-Lint M-Lint Graphical User Interface (GUI) Making Changes Based on M-Lint Messages Profiling for Improving Performance What Is Profiling? Profiling Process Guidelines The Profiler Profile Summary Report Profile Detail Report The profile Function Publishing Results Publishing to HTML, XML, LaTeX, Word, and PowerPoint Using Cells Overview of Publishing Example of Publishing Without Text Markup Example of Publishing with Text Markup Marking Up Text in Cells for Publishing Publishing M-Files Using Cells How to Publish an M-File About Published M-Files Modifying Published Output Via Preferences Notebook for Publishing to Word Creating or Opening an M-Book Entering MATLAB Commands in an M-Book Protecting the Integrity of Your Workspace in M-Books Ensuring Data Consistency in M-Books Debugging and Notebook Defining MATLAB Commands as Input Cells for Notebook Defining Cell Groups for Notebook Defining Autoinit Input Cells for Notebook Defining Calc Zones for Notebook Converting an Input Cell to Text with Notebook Evaluating MATLAB Commands with Notebook Evaluating Cell Groups with Notebook Evaluating a Range of Input Cells with Notebook Evaluating a Calc Zone with Notebook Evaluating an Entire M-Book Using a Loop to Evaluate Input Cells Repeatedly with Notebook Converting Output Cells to Text with Notebook Deleting Output Cells with Notebook Printing and Formatting an M-Book Printing an M-Book Modifying Styles in the M-Book Template Choosing Loose or Compact Format for Notebook Controlling Numeric Output Format for Notebook Controlling Graphic Output for Notebook Configuring Notebook Notebook Feature Reference Source Control Interface Source Control Interface on Windows Platforms Setting Up the Source Control Interface Checking Files Into and Out of Source Control from MATLAB Additional Source Control Actions Performing Source Control Actions from the Editor, Simulink, or Stateflow Troubleshooting Source Control Problems Source Control Interface on UNIX Platforms Specifying the Source Control System Checking Files Into the Source Control System Checking Files Out of the Source Control System Undoing the Checkout GUI Reference for Desktop Tools and Development Environment Arranging the Desktop Opening Desktop Tools Navigating Among Desktop Tools Closing Desktop Tools Resizing Tools Moving Tools Within the Desktop Moving Tools Out of the Desktop (Undocking) Moving Tools into the Desktop (Docking) Grouping (Tabbing) Tools Together Opening Documents Navigating Among Documents--The Document Bar Positioning, Moving, and Resizing Documents Closing Documents Moving Documents and Tools Out of the Desktop (Undocking) Docking Documents and Tools Saved Desktop Layouts Adding Your Own Toolboxes to the Development Environment Adding Your Own Toolboxes to the Start Button Adding Your Own Help Files in the Help Browser Adding Your Own Demos Preferences for the Editor/Debugger General Preferences for the Editor/Debugger Display Preferences for the Editor/Debugger Keyboard and Indenting Preferences for the Editor/Debugger Language Preferences for the Editor/Debugger M Language Preferences C/C++ Language Preferences Java Language Preferences HTML Language Preferences Publishing Preferences for the Editor/Debugger Publishing Images Preferences for the Editor/Debugger Autosave Preferences for the Editor/Debugger See Also Examples Mathematics Matrices and Linear Algebra Function Summary Matrices in MATLAB Creating Matrices Adding and Subtracting Matrices Vector Products and Transpose Multiplying Matrices The Identity Matrix The Kronecker Tensor Product Vector and Matrix Norms Solving Linear Systems of Equations Computational Considerations General Solution Square Systems Overdetermined Systems Underdetermined Systems Inverses and Determinants Overview Pseudoinverses Cholesky, LU, and QR Factorizations Cholesky Factorization LU Factorization QR Factorization Matrix Powers and Exponentials Eigenvalues Singular Value Decomposition Polynomials and Interpolation Polynomials Polynomial Function Summary Representing Polynomials Polynomial Roots Characteristic Polynomials Polynomial Evaluation Convolution and Deconvolution Polynomial Derivatives Polynomial Curve Fitting Partial Fraction Expansion Interpolation Interpolation Function Summary One-Dimensional Interpolation Two-Dimensional Interpolation Comparing Interpolation Methods Interpolation and Multidimensional Arrays Triangulation and Interpolation of Scattered Data Tessellation and Interpolation of Scattered Data in Higher Dimensions Selected Bibliography Data Analysis and Statistics Column-Oriented Data Sets Basic Data Analysis Functions Function Summary Covariance and Correlation Coefficients Finite Differences Data Preprocessing Missing Values Removing Outliers Regression and Curve Fitting Polynomial Regression Linear-in-the-Parameters Regression Multiple Regression Case Study: Curve Fitting Polynomial Fit Analyzing Residuals Exponential Fit Error Bounds The Basic Fitting Interface Difference Equations and Filtering Fourier Analysis and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Function Summary Introduction Magnitude and Phase of Transformed Data FFT Length Versus Speed Function Functions Function Summary Representing Functions in MATLAB Plotting Mathematical Functions Minimizing Functions and Finding Zeros Minimizing Functions of One Variable Minimizing Functions of Several Variables Fitting a Curve to Data Setting Minimization Options Output Functions Finding Zeros of Functions Tips Troubleshooting Numerical Integration (Quadrature) Example: Computing the Length of a Curve Example: Double Integration Parameterizing Functions Called by Function Functions Providing Parameter Values Using Nested Functions Providing Parameter Values to Anonymous Functions Differential Equations Initial Value Problems for ODEs and DAEs ODE Function Summary Introduction to Initial Value ODE Problems Solvers for Explicit and Linearly Implicit ODEs Examples: Solving Explicit ODE Problems Solver for Fully Implicit ODEs Example: Solving a Fully Implicit ODE Problem Changing ODE Integration Properties Examples: Applying the ODE Initial Value Problem Solvers Questions and Answers, and Troubleshooting Initial Value Problems for DDEs DDE Function Summary Introduction to Initial Value DDE Problems DDE Solver Solving DDE Problems Discontinuities Changing DDE Integration Properties Boundary Value Problems for ODEs BVP Function Summary Introduction to Boundary Value ODE Problems Boundary Value Problem Solver Solving BVP Problems Using Continuation to Make a Good Initial Guess Solving Singular BVPs Solving Multi-Point BVPs Changing BVP Integration Properties Partial Differential Equations PDE Function Summary Introduction to PDE Problems MATLAB Partial Differential Equation Solver Solving PDE Problems Evaluating the Solution at Specific Points Changing PDE Integration Properties Example: Electrodynamics Problem Selected Bibliography Sparse Matrices Function Summary Introduction Sparse Matrix Storage General Storage Information Creating Sparse Matrices Importing Sparse Matrices from Outside MATLAB Viewing Sparse Matrices Information About Nonzero Elements Viewing Sparse Matrices Graphically The find Function and Sparse Matrices Adjacency Matrices and Graphs Introduction to Adjacency Matrices Graphing Using Adjacency Matrices The Bucky Ball An Airflow Model Sparse Matrix Operations Computational Considerations Standard Mathematical Operations Permutation and Reordering Factorization Simultaneous Linear Equations Eigenvalues and Singular Values Selected Bibliography Nondouble Data Types Introduction Integer Mathematics Integer Data Types Largest and Smallest Values for Integer Data Types Integer Arithmetic Example -- Digitized Signals Warnings for Integer Data Types Single-Precision Mathematics Data Type single Single-Precision Arithmetic The Function eps Example -- Writing M-Files for Different Data Types Largest and Smallest Numbers of Type double and single References Examples Programming Data Structures Creating and Concatenating Matrices Constructing a Simple Matrix Specialized Matrix Functions Concatenating Matrices Matrix Concatenation Functions Generating a Numeric Sequence Combining Unlike Data Types Matrix Indexing Accessing Single Elements Linear Indexing Functions That Control Indexing Style Accessing Multiple Elements Logical Indexing Indexing on Assignment Getting Information About a Matrix Dimensions of the Matrix Data Types Used in the Matrix Data Structures Used in the Matrix Resizing and Reshaping Matrices Expanding the Size of a Matrix Diminishing the Size of a Matrix Reshaping a Matrix Preallocating Memory Shifting and Sorting Matrices Shift and Sort Functions Shifting the Location of Matrix Elements Sorting the Data in Each Column Sorting the Data in Each Row Sorting Row Vectors Operating on Diagonal Matrices Constructing a Matrix from a Diagonal Vector Returning a Triangular Portion of a Matrix Concatenating Matrices Diagonally Empty Matrices, Scalars, and Vectors The Empty Matrix Scalars Vectors Full and Sparse Matrices Sparse Matrix Functions Multidimensional Arrays Overview Creating Multidimensional Arrays Accessing Multidimensional Array Properties Indexing Multidimensional Arrays Reshaping Multidimensional Arrays Permuting Array Dimensions Computing with Multidimensional Arrays Organizing Data in Multidimensional Arrays Multidimensional Cell Arrays Multidimensional Structure Arrays Summary of Matrix and Array Functions Data Types Overview of MATLAB Data Types Numeric Types Integers Floating-Point Numbers Complex Numbers Infinity and NaN Identifying Numeric Types Display Format for Numeric Values Function Summary Logical Types Creating a Logical Array How Logical Arrays Are Used Identifying Logical Arrays Characters and Strings Creating Character Arrays Cell Arrays of Strings String Comparisons Searching and Replacing Converting from Numeric to String Converting from String to Numeric Function Summary Dates and Times Types of Date Formats Conversions Between Date Formats Date String Formats Output Formats Current Date and Time Function Summary Structures Building Structure Arrays Accessing Data in Structure Arrays Using Dynamic Field Names Finding the Size of Structure Arrays Adding Fields to Structures Deleting Fields from Structures Applying Functions and Operators Writing Functions to Operate on Structures Organizing Data in Structure Arrays Nesting Structures Function Summary Cell Arrays Creating Cell Arrays Obtaining Data from Cell Arrays Deleting Cells Reshaping Cell Arrays Replacing Lists of Variables with Cell Arrays Applying Functions and Operators Organizing Data in Cell Arrays Nesting Cell Arrays Converting Between Cell and Numeric Arrays Cell Arrays of Structures Function Summary Function Handles Constructing and Invoking a Function Handle Calling a Function Using Its Handle Simple Function Handle Example MATLAB Classes Java Classes Basic Program Components Variables Types of Variables Naming Variables Guidelines to Using Variables Scope of a Variable Lifetime of a Variable Keywords Special Values Operators Arithmetic Operators Relational Operators Logical Operators Operator Precedence MATLAB Expressions String Evaluation Shell Escape Functions Regular Expressions MATLAB Regular Expression Functions Elements of an Expression Character Classes Character Representation Logical Operators Lookaround Operators Quantifiers Tokens Handling Multiple Strings Operator Summary Comma-Separated Lists Generating a List from a Cell Array Generating a List from a Structure How to Use the Comma-Separated List Fast Fourier Transform Example Program Control Statements Conditional Control -- if, switch Loop Control -- for, while, continue, break Error Control -- try, catch Program Termination -- return Symbol Reference Asterisk -- * At -- @ Colon -- : Comma -- , Curly Braces -- { } Dot -- . Dot-Dot -- .. Dot-Dot-Dot (Ellipsis) -- ... Dot-Parentheses -- .( ) Exclamation Point -- ! Parentheses -- ( ) Percent -- % Percent-Brace -- %{ %} Semicolon -- ; Single Quotes -- ' ' Space Character Slash and Backslash -- / \ Square Brackets -- [ ] MATLAB Functions M-File Functions Built-In Functions Overloaded MATLAB Functions M-File Programming Program Development Creating a Program Getting the Bugs Out Cleaning Up the Program Improving Performance Checking It In Working with M-Files Types of M-Files Basic Parts of an M-File Creating a Simple M-File Providing Help for Your Program Creating P-Code Files M-File Scripts and Functions M-File Scripts M-File Functions Types of Functions Identifying Dependencies Function Arguments Checking the Number of Input Arguments Passing Variable Numbers of Arguments Passing Optional Arguments to Nested Functions Returning Output Arguments Function Handles Constructing a Function Handle Calling a Function Using Its Handle Functions That Operate on Function Handles Additional Information on Function Handles Calling Functions What Happens When You Call a Function Determining Which Function Is Called MATLAB Calling Syntax Passing Certain Argument Types Passing Arguments in Structures or Cell Arrays Calling External Functions Running External Programs Types of Functions Overview of MATLAB Function Types Anonymous Functions Constructing an Anonymous Function Arrays of Anonymous Functions Outputs from Anonymous Functions Variables Used in the Expression Examples of Anonymous Functions Primary M-File Functions Nested Functions Writing Nested Functions Calling Nested Functions Variable Scope in Nested Functions Using Function Handles with Nested Functions Examples of Nested Functions Subfunctions Calling Subfunctions Accessing Help for a Subfunction Private Functions Private Directories Accessing Help for a Private Function Overloaded Functions Class Directories Data Import and Export Overview Text Data Graphics Files Audio and Audio/Video Data Spreadsheets Scientific Formats The Internet Low-Level File I/O Large Data Sets Toolboxes for Importing Data Using the Import Wizard Using the Import Wizard with Text Data Using the Import Wizard with Binary Data Supported File Formats Saving and Loading MAT-Files Exporting Data to MAT-Files Importing Data from MAT-Files Accessing Files with Memory-Mapping Overview of Memory-Mapping in MATLAB The memmapfile Class Constructing a memmapfile Object Reading a Mapped File Writing to a Mapped File Methods of the memmapfile Class Deleting a Memory Map Memory Mapping Demo Importing Text Data The MATLAB Import Wizard Using Import Functions with Text Data Importing Numeric Text Data Importing Delimited ASCII Data Files Importing Numeric Data with Text Headers Importing Mixed Alphabetic and Numeric Data Importing from XML Documents Exporting Text Data Exporting Delimited ASCII Data Files Using the diary Function to Export Data Exporting to XML Documents Working with Graphics Files Getting Information About Graphics Files Importing Graphics Data Exporting Graphics Data Working with Audio and Video Data Getting Information About Audio/Video Files Importing Audio/Video Data Exporting Audio/Video Data Working with Spreadsheets Microsoft Excel Spreadsheets Lotus 123 Spreadsheets Working with Scientific Data Formats Working with Common Data Format (CDF) Files Working with Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) Files Working with Hierarchical Data Format (HDF5) Files Importing HDF4 and HDF-EOS Data Using the HDF Import Tool Using the HDF4 Import Tool Subsetting Options Using the MATLAB hdfread Function Using the HDF4 Command-Line Interface Exporting MATLAB Data to an HDF4 File Example: Exporting Data to an HDF4 File Using the MATLAB HDF Utility API Using Low-Level File I/O Functions Opening Files Reading Binary Data Writing Binary Data Controlling Position in a File Reading Strings Line by Line from Text Files Reading Formatted ASCII Data Writing Formatted Text Files Closing a File Exchanging Files over the Internet Downloading Web Content and Files Creating and Uncompressing Zip Archives Sending E-Mail Performing FTP File Operations Error Handling Checking for Errors with try-catch Nested try-catch Blocks Handling and Recovering from an Error Reporting an Error Identifying the Cause Regenerating an Error Message Identifiers Identifier Format Using Message Identifiers with lasterr Warnings Reporting a Warning Identifying the Cause Warning Control Warning Statements Warning Control Statements Output from Control Statements Saving and Restoring State Debug, Backtrace, and Verbose Modes Debugging Errors and Warnings Classes and Objects Classes and Objects: An Overview Features of Object-Oriented Programming MATLAB Data Class Hierarchy Creating Objects Invoking Methods on Objects Private Methods Helper Functions Debugging Class Methods Setting Up Class Directories Data Structure Tips for C++ and Java Programmers Designing User Classes in MATLAB The MATLAB Canonical Class The Class Constructor Method Examples of Constructor Methods Identifying Objects Outside the Class Directory The display Method Accessing Object Data The set and get Methods Indexed Reference Using subsref and subsasgn Handling Subscripted Reference Handling Subscripted Assignment Object Indexing Within Methods Defining end Indexing for an Object Indexing an Object with Another Object Converter Methods Overloading Operators and Functions Overloading Operators Overloading Functions Example -- A Polynomial Class Polynom Data Structure Polynom Methods The Polynom Constructor Method Converter Methods for the Polynom Class The Polynom display Method The Polynom subsref Method Overloading Arithmetic Operators for polynom Overloading Functions for the Polynom Class Listing Class Methods Building on Other Classes Simple Inheritance Multiple Inheritance Aggregation Example -- Assets and Asset Subclasses Inheritance Model for the Asset Class Asset Class Design Other Asset Methods The Asset Constructor Method The Asset get Method The Asset set Method The Asset subsref Method The Asset subsasgn Method The Asset display Method The Asset fieldcount Method Designing the Stock Class The Stock Constructor Method The Stock get Method The Stock set Method The Stock subsref Method The Stock subsasgn Method The Stock display Method Example -- The Portfolio Container Designing the Portfolio Class The Portfolio Constructor Method The Portfolio display Method The Portfolio pie3 Method Creating a Portfolio Saving and Loading Objects Modifying Objects During Save or Load Example -- Defining saveobj and loadobj for Portfolio Summary of Code Changes The saveobj Method The loadobj Method Changing the Portfolio Constructor The Portfolio subsref Method Object Precedence Specifying Precedence of User-Defined Classes How MATLAB Determines Which Method to Call Selecting a Method Querying Which Method MATLAB Will Call Scheduling Program Execution with Timers Using a MATLAB Timer Object Example: Displaying a Message Creating Timer Objects Timer Object Naming Working with Timer Object Properties Retrieving the Value of Timer Object Properties Setting the Value of Timer Object Properties Starting and Stopping Timers Starting a Timer Starting a Timer at a Specified Time Stopping Timer Objects Blocking the MATLAB Command Line Creating and Executing Callback Functions Associating Commands with Timer Object Events Creating Callback Functions Specifying the Value of Callback Function Properties Timer Object Execution Modes Executing a Timer Callback Function Once Executing a Timer Callback Function Multiple Times Handling Callback Function Queuing Conflicts Deleting Timer Objects from Memory Testing the Validity of a Timer Object Deleting All Existing Timer Objects Finding All Timer Objects in Memory Finding Invisible Timer Objects Improving Performance and Memory Usage Analyzing Your Program's Performance The M-File Profiler Utility Stopwatch Timer Functions Techniques for Improving Performance Vectorizing Loops Preallocating Arrays Coding Loops in a MEX-File Assigning to Variables Operating on Real Data Using Appropriate Logical Operators Overloading Built-In Functions Functions Are Generally Faster Than Scripts Load and Save Are Faster Than File I/O Functions Avoid Large Background Processes Using Memory Efficiently Memory Allocation for Arrays Data Structures and Memory Memory Management Functions Strategies for Efficient Use of Memory Resolving "Out of Memory" Errors General Suggestions for Reclaiming Memory Compressing Data in Memory Increasing System Swap Space Freeing Up System Resources on Windows Systems Reloading Variables on UNIX Systems Programming Tips Command and Function Syntax Syntax Help Command and Function Syntaxes Command Line Continuation Completing Commands Using the Tab Key Recalling Commands Clearing Commands Suppressing Output to the Screen Help Using the Help Browser Help on Functions from the Help Browser Help on Functions from the Command Window Topical Help Paged Output Writing Your Own Help Help for Subfunctions and Private Functions Help for Methods and Overloaded Functions Development Environment Workspace Browser Using the Find and Replace Utility Commenting Out a Block of Code Creating M-Files from Command History Editing M-Files in EMACS M-File Functions M-File Structure Using Lowercase for Function Names Getting a Function's Name and Path What M-Files Does a Function Use? Dependent Functions, Built-Ins, Classes Function Arguments Getting the Input and Output Arguments Variable Numbers of Arguments String or Numeric Arguments Passing Arguments in a Structure Passing Arguments in a Cell Array Program Development Planning the Program Using Pseudo-Code Selecting the Right Data Structures General Coding Practices Naming a Function Uniquely The Importance of Comments Coding in Steps Making Modifications in Steps Functions with One Calling Function Testing the Final Program Debugging The MATLAB Debug Functions More Debug Functions The MATLAB Graphical Debugger A Quick Way to Examine Variables Setting Breakpoints from the Command Line Finding Line Numbers to Set Breakpoints Stopping Execution on an Error or Warning Locating an Error from the Error Message Using Warnings to Help Debug Making Code Execution Visible Debugging Scripts Variables Rules for Variable Names Making Sure Variable Names Are Valid Don't Use Function Names for Variables Checking for Reserved Keywords Avoid Using i and j for Variables Avoid Overwriting Variables in Scripts Persistent Variables Protecting Persistent Variables Global Variables Strings Creating Strings with Concatenation Comparing Methods of Concatenation Store Arrays of Strings in a Cell Array Converting Between Strings and Cell Arrays Search and Replace Using Regular Expressions Evaluating Expressions Find Alternatives to Using eval Assigning to a Series of Variables Short-Circuit Logical Operators Changing the Counter Variable within a for Loop MATLAB Path Precedence Rules File Precedence Adding a Directory to the Search Path Handles to Functions Not on the Path Making Toolbox File Changes Visible to MATLAB Making Nontoolbox File Changes Visible to MATLAB Change Notification on Windows Program Control Using break, continue, and return Using switch Versus if MATLAB case Evaluates Strings Multiple Conditions in a case Statement Implicit Break in switch-case Variable Scope in a switch Catching Errors with try-catch Nested try-catch Blocks Forcing an Early Return from a Function Save and Load Saving Data from the Workspace Loading Data into the Workspace Viewing Variables in a MAT-File Appending to a MAT-File Save and Load on Startup or Quit Saving to an ASCII File Files and Filenames Naming M-files Naming Other Files Passing Filenames as Arguments Passing Filenames to ASCII Files Determining Filenames at Run-Time Returning the Size of a File Input/Output File I/O Function Overview Common I/O Functions Readable File Formats Using the Import Wizard Loading Mixed Format Data Reading Files with Different Formats Reading ASCII Data into a Cell Array Interactive Input into Your Program Starting MATLAB Getting MATLAB to Start Up Faster Operating System Compatibility Executing O/S Commands from MATLAB Searching Text with grep Constructing Paths and Filenames Finding the MATLAB Root Directory Temporary Directories and Filenames Demos Demos Available with MATLAB For More Information Examples Graphics MATLAB Plotting Tools Anatomy of a Graph Figure ToolBars Plotting Tools -- Interactive Plotting Starting the Plotting Tools Plotting Tools Interface Overview The Figure Palette The Plot Browser The Property Editor Accessing All Object Properties -- Property Inspector Example -- Working with Plotting Tools Adding a Subplot Example -- Plotting Workspace Variables Plotting Expressions Example -- Specifying a Data Source Creating the Graph Varying the Data Source Data Sources for Multiobject Graphs Example -- Generating M-Code to Reproduce a Graph Data Arguments Limitations Editing Plots Interactive Plot Editing Using Functions to Edit Graphs Using Plot Edit Mode Starting Plot Edit Mode Exiting Plot Edit Mode Selecting Objects in a Graph Cutting, Copying, and Pasting Objects Moving and Resizing Objects Setting Object Properties Undo/Redo -- Eliminating Mistakes Saving Your Work Saving a Graph in MAT-File Format Saving to a Different Format -- Exporting Figures Printing Figures Generating an M-File to Recreate a Graph Data Exploration Tools Ways to Explore Graphical Data Types of Tools Data Cursor -- Displaying Data Values Interactively Enabling Data Cursor Mode Display Style -- Datatip or Cursor Window Selection Style -- Select Data Points or Interpolate Points on Graph Exporting Data Value to Workspace Variable Zooming in 2-D and 3-D Zooming in 2-D Views Panning -- Moving Your View of the Graph 2-D vs. 3-D Panning Rotate 3D -- Interactive Rotation of 3-D Views Enabling Rotate 3D Selecting Predefined Views Rotation Style for Complex Graphs Undo/Redo -- Eliminating Mistakes Analyzing Graphical Data Basic Curve Fitting Adding Plots of Basic Statistics to Graphs Examples Example -- Plotting the Mean of a Data Set Formatting Plots of Data Statistics Statistics Plotted by the Data Statistics Tool Viewing Statistics for Multiple Plots Saving Statistics to the MATLAB Workspace Annotating Graphs How to Annotate Graphs Graph Annotation Features Enclosing Regions of a Graph in a Rectangle or an Ellipse Textbox Annotations Annotation Lines and Arrows Adding a Colorbar to a Graph Adding a Legend to a Graph Pinning -- Attaching to a Point in the Figure Alignment Tool -- Aligning and Distributing Objects Example -- Vertical Distribute, Horizontal Align Align/Distribute Menu Options Snap to Grid -- Aligning Objects on a Grid Adding Titles to Graphs Using the Title Option on the Insert Menu Using the Property Editor to Add a Title Using the title Function Adding Axis Labels to Graphs Using the Label Options on the Insert Menu Using the Property Editor to Add Axis Labels Using Axis-Label Commands Adding Text Annotations to Graphs Creating Text Annotations with the text or gtext Command Text Alignment Example -- Aligning Text Editing Text Objects Mathematical Symbols, Greek Letters, and TEX Characters Using Character and Numeric Variables in Text Example -- Multiline Text Drawing Text in a Box Adding Arrows and Lines to Graphs Creating Arrows and Lines in Plot Editing Mode Editing Arrows and Line Annotations Basic Plotting Commands Basic Plotting Commands Plotting Steps Creating Line Plots Specifying Line Style Specifying the Color and Size of Lines Adding Plots to an Existing Graph Plotting Only the Data Points Plotting Markers and Lines Line Styles for Black and White Output Setting Default Line Styles Line Plots of Matrix Data Plotting Imaginary and Complex Data Plotting with Two Y-Axes Combining Linear and Logarithmic Axes Setting Axis Parameters Axis Limits and Ticks Example -- Specifying Ticks and Tick Labels Setting Aspect Ratio Figure Windows Displaying Multiple Plots per Figure Specifying the Target Axes Default Color Scheme Creating Specialized Plots Bar and Area Graphs Types of Bar Graphs Stacked Bar Graphs to Show Contributing Amounts Specifying X-Axis Data Overlaying Plots on Bar Graphs Area Graphs Comparing Data Sets with Area Graphs Pie Charts Removing a Piece from a Pie Chart Histograms Histograms in Cartesian Coordinate Systems Histograms in Polar Coordinates Specifying Number of Bins Discrete Data Graphs Two-Dimensional Stem Plots Combining Stem Plots with Line Plots Three-Dimensional Stem Plots Stairstep Plots Direction and Velocity Vector Graphs Compass Plots Feather Plots Two-Dimensional Quiver Plots Three-Dimensional Quiver Plots Contour Plots Creating Simple Contour Plots Labeling Contours Filled Contours Drawing a Single Contour Line at a Desired Level The Contouring Algorithm Changing the Offset of a Contour Displaying Contours in Polar Coordinates Interactive Plotting Animation Movies Example -- Visualizing an FFT as a Movie Erase Modes Displaying Bit-Mapped Images Overview Images in MATLAB Bit Depth Support Data Types Image Types Indexed Images Intensity Images RGB (Truecolor) Images Working with 8-Bit and 16-Bit Images 8-Bit and 16-Bit Indexed Images 8-Bit and 16-Bit Intensity Images 8-Bit and 16-Bit RGB Images Mathematical Operations Support for uint8 and uint16 Other 8-Bit and 16-Bit Array Support Converting an 8-Bit RGB Image to Grayscale Summary of Image Types and Numeric Classes Reading, Writing, and Querying Graphics Image Files Reading a Graphics Image Writing a Graphics Image Obtaining Information About Graphics Files Displaying Graphics Images Summary of Image Types and Display Methods Controlling Aspect Ratio and Display Size The Image Object and Its Properties Image CData Image CDataMapping XData and YData EraseMode Additional Techniques for Fast Image Updating Printing Images Converting the Data or Graphic Type of Images Printing and Exporting Overview of Printing and Exporting Print and Export Operations Graphical User Interfaces Command Line Interface Specifying Parameters and Options Default Settings and How to Change Them How to Print or Export Using Print Preview Printing a Figure Printing to a File Exporting to a File Exporting to the Windows Clipboard Examples of Basic Operations Printing a Figure at Screen Size Printing with a Specific Paper Size Printing a Centered Figure Exporting in a Specific Graphics Format Exporting in EPS Format with a TIFF Preview Exporting a Figure to the Clipboard Changing a Figure's Settings Selecting the Figure Selecting the Printer Setting the Figure Size and Position Setting the Paper Size or Type Setting the Paper Orientation Selecting a Renderer Setting the Resolution Setting the Axes Ticks and Limits Setting the Background Color Setting Line and Text Characteristics Setting the Line and Text Color Setting CMYK Color Excluding User Interface Controls Producing Uncropped Figures Choosing a Graphics Format Frequently Used Graphics Formats Factors to Consider in Choosing a Format Properties Affected by Choice of Format Impact of Rendering Method on the Output Description of Selected Graphics Formats How to Specify a Format for Exporting Choosing a Printer Driver Types of Printer Drivers Factors to Consider in Choosing a Driver Driver-Specific Information How to Specify the Printer Driver to Use Troubleshooting Printing Problems Exporting Problems General Problems Handle Graphics Objects Organization of Graphics Objects Types of Graphics Objects Information on Specific Graphics Objects Graphics Windows -- the Figure Figures Used for Graphing Data Figures Used for GUIs Root Object -- the Figure Parent More Information on Figures Core Graphics Objects Description of Core Graphics Objects Example -- Creating Core Graphics Objects Parenting High-Level Versus Low-Level Simplified Calling Syntax Plot Objects Creating a Plot Object Identifying Plot Objects Programmatically Linking Graphs to Variables -- Data Source Properties Plot Objects and Backward Compatibility Annotation Objects Annotation Object Properties Example -- Enclosing Subplots with an Annotation Rectangle Group Objects Creating a Group Transforming Objects Example -- Transforming a Hierarchy of Objects Object Properties Storing Object Information Changing Values Default Values Properties Common to All Objects Setting and Querying Property Values Setting Property Values Querying Property Values Factory-Defined Property Values Setting Default Property Values How MATLAB Searches for Default Values Defining Default Values Examples -- Setting Default Line Styles Accessing Object Handles Secial Object Handles The Current Figure, Axes, and Object Searching for Objects by Property Values -- findobj Copying Objects Deleting Objects Controlling Graphics Output Specifying the Target for Graphics Output Preparing Figures and Axes for Graphics Targeting Graphics Output with newplot Example -- Using newplot Testing for Hold State Protecting Figures and Axes The Figure Close Request Function Handle Validity Versus Handle Visibility Saving Handles in M-Files Properties Changed by Built-In Functions Objects That Can Contain Other Objects Using Panel Containers in Figures -- UIPanels Example -- Using Figure Panels Grouping Objects Within Axes -- hgtransform Callback Properties for Graphics Objects Graphics Object Callbacks User Interface Object Callbacks Figure Callbacks Function Handle Callbacks Function Handle Syntax Why Use Function Handle Callbacks Example -- Using Function Handles in GUIs Complete Example Code The GUI Layout Initialize the GUI The Callback Functions Optimizing Graphics Performance General Performance Guidelines Disable Automatic Modes Changing Graph Data Rapidly Performance of Bit-Mapped Images Performance of Patch Objects Performance of Surface Objects Figure Properties Figure Objects Related Information About Figures Docking Figures in the Desktop Figure Properties That Affect Docking Creating a Nondockable Figure Positioning Figures The Position Vector Example -- Specifying Figure Position Figure Colormaps -- The Colormap Property Specifying the Figure Colormap Selecting Drawing Methods Backing Store Double Buffering Selecting a Renderer Specifying the Figure Pointer Defining Custom Pointers Axes Properties Axes Objects -- Defining Coordinate Systems for Graphs Labeling and Appearance Properties Creating Axes with Specific Characteristics Positioning Axes The Position Vector Position Units Automatic Axes Resize Multiple Axes per Figure Placing Text Outside the Axes Multiple Axes for Different Scaling Individual Axis Control Setting Axis Limits Setting Tick Mark Locations Changing Axis Direction Using Multiple X- and Y-Axes Example -- Double Axis Graphs Automatic-Mode Properties Colors Controlled by Axes Specifying Axes Colors Axes Color Limits -- the CLim Property Example -- Simulating Multiple Colormaps in a Figure Calculating Color Limits Defining the Color of Lines for Plotting Line Styles Used for Plotting -- LineStyleOrder Examples 3-D Visualization Creating 3-D Graphs A Typical 3-D Graph Line Plots of 3-D Data Representing a Matrix as a Surface Mesh and Surface Plots Visualizing Functions of Two Variables Surface Plots of Nonuniformly Sampled Data Parametric Surfaces Hidden Line Removal Coloring Mesh and Surface Plots Coloring Techniques Types of Color Data Colormaps Indexed Color Surfaces -- Direct and Scaled Colormapping Example -- Mapping Surface Curvature to Color Altering Colormaps Truecolor Surfaces Texture Mapping Defining the View Viewing Overview Positioning the Viewpoint Setting the Aspect Ratio Default Views Setting the Viewpoint with Azimuth and Elevation Azimuth and Elevation Defining Scenes with Camera Graphics View Control with the Camera Toolbar Camera Toolbar Camera Motion Controls Orbit Camera Orbit Scene Light Pan/Tilt Camera Move Camera Horizontally/Vertically Move Camera Forward and Backward Zoom Camera Camera Roll Camera Graphics Functions Example -- Dollying the Camera Example -- Moving the Camera Through a Scene Summary of Techniques Graphing the Volume Data Setting Up the View Specifying the Light Source Selecting a Renderer Defining the Camera Path as a Stream Line Implementing the Fly-Through Low-Level Camera Properties Default Viewpoint Selection Moving In and Out on the Scene Making the Scene Larger or Smaller Revolving Around the Scene Rotation Without Resizing of Graphics Objects Rotation About the Viewing Axis View Projection Types Projection Types and Camera Location Understanding Axes Aspect Ratio Stretch-to-Fill Specifying Axis Scaling Specifying Aspect Ratio Example -- axis Command Options Additional Commands for Setting Aspect Ratio Axes Aspect Ratio Properties Default Aspect Ratio Selection Overriding Stretch-to-Fill Effects of Setting Aspect Ratio Properties Example -- Displaying Cross-Sections of Surfaces Example -- Displaying Real Objects Lighting as a Visualization Tool Lighting Overview Lighting Examples Lighting Commands Light Objects Adding Lights to a Scene Properties That Affect Lighting Selecting a Lighting Method Face and Edge Lighting Methods Reflectance Characteristics of Graphics Objects Specular and Diffuse Reflection Ambient Light Specular Exponent Specular Color Reflectance Back Face Lighting Positioning Lights in Data Space Transparency Making Objects Transparent Specifying Transparency Specifying a Single Transparency Value Example -- Transparent Isosurface Mapping Data to Transparency -- Alpha Data Size of the Alpha Data Array Mapping Alpha Data to the Alphamap Example -- Mapping Data to Color or Transparency Selecting an Alphamap Example -- Modifying the Alphamap Creating 3-D Models with Patches Introduction to Patch Objects Defining Patches Behavior of the patch Function Creating a Single Polygon Multifaceted Patches Example -- Defining a Cube Specifying Patch Coloring Patch Color Properties Patch Edge Coloring Example -- Specifying Flat Edge and Face Coloring Coloring Edges with Shared Vertices Interpreting Indexed and Truecolor Data Indexed Color Data Truecolor Patches Interpolating in Indexed Color Versus Truecolor Volume Visualization Techniques Overview of Volume Visualization Examples of Volume Data Selecting Visualization Techniques Steps to Create a Volume Visualization Volume Visualization Functions Functions for Scalar Data Functions for Vector Data Visualizing Scalar Volume Data Techniques for Visualizing Scalar Data Visualizing MRI Data Example -- Ways to Display MRI Data Exploring Volumes with Slice Planes Example -- Slicing Fluid Flow Data Modifying the Color Mapping Connecting Equal Values with Isosurfaces Example -- Isosurfaces in Fluid Flow Data Isocaps Add Context to Visualizations Defining Isocaps Example -- Adding Isocaps to an Isosurface Visualizing Vector Volume Data Using Scalar Techniques with Vector Data Specifying Starting Points for Stream Plots Accessing Subregions of Volume Data Stream Line Plots of Vector Data Displaying Curl with Stream Ribbons Displaying Divergence with Stream Tubes Creating Stream Particle Animations Vector Field Displayed with Cone Plots Examples Creating Graphical User Interfaces Getting Started with GUIDE What Is GUIDE? Starting GUIDE The Layout Editor GUIDE Templates Running a GUI GUI FIG-Files and M-Files Programming the GUI M-file Editing Version 5 GUIs with Version 7 GUIDE Saving the GUI in Version 7 GUIDE Updating Callbacks Creating a GUI Designing the GUI Laying Out the GUI View Layout and Code for the Example Open a New GUI in the Layout Editor Set the GUI Figure Size Add the Components Align the Components Setting Properties for GUI Components Name Property Title Property String Property for Push Buttons and Static Text String Property for Pop-up Menus Callback Properties The Tag Property Programming the GUI Creating the GUI M-File Opening the GUI M-File Sharing Data Between Callbacks Adding Code to the Opening Function Adding Code to the Callbacks Using the Object Browser to Identify Callbacks Saving and Running a GUI Laying Out GUIs and Setting Properties Using GUIDE Templates Blank GUI GUI with Uicontrols GUI with Axes and Menu Modal Question Dialog Using the Layout Editor Starting the Layout Editor Selecting Components from the Component Palette Adding Components to the Layout Area Working with Components in the Layout Area Running the GUI Saving the Layout Renaming GUI Files Exporting a GUI to a Single M-File Displaying the GUI Layout Editor Preferences Layout Editor Context Menus Selecting GUI Options Configuring the GUI M-File Resize Behavior Command-Line Accessibility Generate FIG-File and M-File Generate Callback Function Prototypes GUI Allows Only One Instance to Run (Singleton) Using the System Background Colors Generate FIG-File Only Aligning Components in the Layout Editor Aligning Groups of Components -- The Alignment Tool Grids and Rulers Aligning Components to Guide Lines Front-to-Back Positioning Setting Component Properties -- The Property Inspector Displaying the Property Inspector What Properties Do I Need to Set? Some Commonly Used Properties Setting Properties for Some Specific Components Callback Properties Changing Tag and Callback Properties Viewing the Object Hierarchy -- The Object Browser Creating Menus -- The Menu Editor Defining Menus for the Menu Bar Menu Callbacks Defining Context Menus Setting the Tab Order The GUIDE Tab Order Editor Setting the Tab Order Programmatically Programming GUIs Understanding the GUI M-File Sharing Data with the Handles Structure Functions and Callbacks in the M-File Opening Function Output Function Callbacks Input and Output Arguments Programming Callbacks for GUI Components Toggle Button Callback Radio Buttons Check Boxes Edit Text Sliders List Boxes Pop-Up Menus Panels Button Groups Axes ActiveX Controls Figures Managing GUI Data with the Handles Structure Example: Passing Data Between Callbacks Managing Application Data Designing for Cross-Platform Compatibility Using the Default System Font Using Standard Background Color Cross-Platform Compatible Figure Units Types of Callbacks Callback Properties for All Graphics Objects Callback Properties for Figures Callbacks for Specific Components Which Callback Executes Adding a Callback Interrupting Executing Callbacks Controlling Interruptibility The Event Queue Event Processing During Callback Execution Controlling Figure Window Behavior Using Modal Figure Windows Example: Using the Modal Dialog to Confirm an Operation View Completed Layouts and Their GUI M-Files Setting Up the Close Confirmation Dialog Setting Up the GUI with the Close Button Running the GUI with the Close Button How the GUI and Dialog Work GUI Applications GUI with Multiple Axes Techniques Used in the Example View Completed Layout and Its GUI M-File Design of the GUI Plot Push Button Callback List Box Directory Reader View Layout and GUI M-File Implementing the GUI Specifying the Directory to List Loading the List Box Accessing Workspace Variables from a List Box Techniques Used in This Example View Completed Layout and Its GUI M-File Reading Workspace Variables Reading the Selections from the List Box A GUI to Set Simulink Model Parameters Techniques Used in This Example View Completed Layout and Its GUI M-File How to Use the GUI (Text of GUI Help) Running the GUI Programming the Slider and Edit Text Components Running the Simulation from the GUI Removing Results from the List Box Plotting the Results Data The GUI Help Button Closing the GUI The List Box Callback and Create Function An Address Book Reader Techniques Used in This Example Managing Shared Data View Completed Layout and Its GUI M-File Running the GUI Loading an Address Book Into the Reader The Contact Name Callback The Contact Phone Number Callback Paging Through the Address Book -- Prev/Next Saving Changes to the Address Book from the Menu The Create New Menu The Address Book Resize Function Working with Callbacks (Draft) Introduction to GUI Callbacks What Is a Callback? Kinds of Callbacks GUI Files GUIDE M-Files and FIG-Files Files for Programmatically Created GUIs Associating Callbacks with Components Defining Callback Properties Callback Properties in GUIDE Component and Figure Callbacks Callback Conventions in GUIDE Callbacks in Programmatically Created GUIs Initialization Callbacks in GUIDE Opening Function Output Function Managing Application-Defined Data Mechanisms for Managing Data Adding Fields to a Data Structure Sharing Data Among a GUI's Callbacks Properties That Control Component Behavior General Information About the Component Information About Component State Properties that Affect Callback Execution Properties that Affect Component Access Examples of Callbacks for GUI Components Toggle Button Callback Radio Buttons Check Boxes Edit Text Sliders List Boxes Pop-Up Menus Panels Button Groups Axes ActiveX Controls Examples Functions -- Categorical List Desktop Tools and Development Environment Startup and Shutdown Command Window and History Help for Using MATLAB Workspace, Search Path, and File Operations Programming Tools System Mathematics Arrays and Matrices Linear Algebra Elementary Math Data Analysis and Fourier Transforms Polynomials Interpolation and Computational Geometry Coordinate System Conversion Nonlinear Numerical Methods Specialized Math Sparse Matrices Math Constants Programming and Data Types Data Types Arrays Operators and Operations Programming in MATLAB File I/O Filename Construction Opening, Loading, Saving Files Memory Mapping Low-Level File I/O Text Files XML Documents Spreadsheets Scientific Data Audio and Audio/Video Images Internet Exchange Graphics Basic Plots and Graphs Annotating Plots Specialized Plotting Bit-Mapped Images Printing Handle Graphics 3-D Visualization Surface and Mesh Plots View Control Lighting Transparency Volume Visualization Creating Graphical User Interfaces Predefined Dialog Boxes Deploying User Interfaces Developing User Interfaces User Interface Objects Finding Objects from Callbacks GUI Utility Functions Controlling Program Execution Functions -- Alphabetical List Handle Graphics Property Browser External Interfaces Importing and Exporting Data Using MAT-Files Importing Data to MATLAB Exporting Data from MATLAB Exchanging Data Files Between Platforms Reading and Writing MAT-Files Writing Character Data Finding Associated Files Examples of MAT-Files Creating a MAT-File in C Reading a MAT-File in C Creating a MAT-File in Fortran Reading a MAT-File in Fortran Compiling and Linking MAT-File Programs Masking Floating Point Exceptions Compiling and Linking on UNIX Compiling and Linking on Windows Required Files from Third-Party Sources Working Directly with Unicode MATLAB Interface to Generic DLLs Overview Loading and Unloading the Library Loading the Library Unloading the Library Getting Information About the Library Invoking Library Functions Passing Arguments Some General Rules Passing References Data Conversion Primitive Types Enumerated Types Structures Creating References Reference Pointers Calling C and Fortran Programs from MATLAB Introducing MEX-Files Using MEX-Files MEX-File Placement The Distinction Between mx and mex Prefixes MATLAB Data The MATLAB Array Data Storage Data Types in MATLAB Sparse Matrices Using Data Types Building MEX-Files Compiler Requirements Testing Your Configuration on UNIX Testing Your Configuration on Windows Specifying an Options File Custom Building MEX-Files Who Should Read this Chapter MEX Script Switches Default Options File on UNIX Default Options File on Windows Custom Building on UNIX Custom Building on Windows Troubleshooting Configuration Issues Understanding MEX-File Problems Compiler and Platform-Specific Issues Memory Management Compatibility Issues Additional Information Files and Directories - UNIX Systems Files and Directories - Windows Systems Examples Technical Support Creating C Language MEX-Files C MEX-Files The Components of a C MEX-File Required Arguments to a MEX-File Examples of C MEX-Files A First Example -- Passing a Scalar Passing Strings Passing Two or More Inputs or Outputs Passing Structures and Cell Arrays Handling Complex Data Handling 8-,16-, and 32-Bit Data Manipulating Multidimensional Numerical Arrays Handling Sparse Arrays Calling Functions from C MEX-Files Advanced Topics Help Files Linking Multiple Files Workspace for MEX-File Functions Memory Management Large File I/O Using LAPACK and BLAS Functions Debugging C Language MEX-Files Debugging on UNIX Debugging on Windows Creating Fortran MEX-Files Fortran MEX-Files The Components of a Fortran MEX-File The %val Construct Examples of Fortran MEX-Files A First Example -- Passing a Scalar Passing Strings Passing Arrays of Strings Passing Matrices Passing Two or More Inputs or Outputs Handling Complex Data Dynamically Allocating Memory Handling Sparse Matrices Calling Functions from Fortran MEX-Files Advanced Topics Help Files Linking Multiple Files Workspace for MEX-File Functions Memory Management Debugging Fortran Language MEX-Files Debugging on UNIX Debugging on Windows Calling MATLAB from C and Fortran Programs Using the MATLAB Engine The Engine Library GUI-Intensive Applications Examples of Calling Engine Functions Calling MATLAB from a C Application Calling MATLAB from a Fortran Application Attaching to an Existing MATLAB Session Compiling and Linking Engine Programs Step 1 -- Write Your Application Step 2 -- Check Required Libraries and Files Step 3 -- Build the Application Step 4 -- Set Run-time Library Path Step 5 -- (Windows Only) Register MATLAB As a COM Server Step 6 -- Test Out the Program Example -- Building an Engine Application on UNIX Example -- Building an Engine Application on Windows Masking Floating-Point Exceptions Calling Java from MATLAB Using Java from MATLAB: An Overview Java Interface Is Integral to MATLAB Benefits of the MATLAB Java Interface Who Should Use the MATLAB Java Interface To Learn More About Java Programming Platform Support for the Java Virtual Machine Using a Different Version of the Java JVM Bringing Java Classes and Methods into MATLAB Sources of Java Classes Defining New Java Classes The Java Class Path Making Java Classes Available to MATLAB Loading Java Class Definitions Simplifying Java Class Names Locating Native Method Libraries Creating and Using Java Objects Constructing Java Objects Concatenating Java Objects Saving and Loading Java Objects to MAT-Files Finding the Public Data Fields of an Object Accessing Private and Public Data Determining the Class of an Object Invoking Methods on Java Objects Using Java and MATLAB Calling Syntax Invoking Static Methods on Java Classes Obtaining Information About Methods Java Methods That Affect MATLAB Commands How MATLAB Handles Undefined Methods How MATLAB Handles Java Exceptions Working with Java Arrays How MATLAB Represents the Java Array Creating an Array of Objects Within MATLAB Accessing Elements of a Java Array Assigning to a Java Array Concatenating Java Arrays Creating a New Array Reference Creating a Copy of a Java Array Passing Data to a Java Method Conversion of MATLAB Argument Data Passing Built-In Data Types Passing String Arguments Passing Java Objects Other Data Conversion Topics Passing Data to Overloaded Methods Handling Data Returned from a Java Method Conversion of Java Return Data Built-In Data Types Java Objects Converting Objects to MATLAB Data Types Introduction to Programming Examples Example - Reading a URL Description of URLdemo Running the Example Example - Finding an Internet Protocol Address Description of resolveip Running the Example Example - Communicating Through a Serial Port Setting Up the Java Environment Description of Serial Example Running the serialexample Program Example - Creating and Using a Phone Book Description of Function phonebook Description of Function pb_lookup Description of Function pb_add Description of Function pb_remove Description of Function pb_change Description of Function pb_listall Description of Function pb_display Description of Function pb_keyfilter Running the phonebook Program COM and DDE Support (Windows Only) Introducing MATLAB COM Integration Concepts and Terminology Supported Client/Server Configurations Registering Controls and Servers MATLAB COM Client Support Creating the Server Process -- an Overview Creating an ActiveX Control Instantiating a DLL Component Instantiating an EXE Component Getting Interfaces to the Object Invoking Commands on a COM Object Identifying Objects and Interfaces Invoking Methods Object Properties Control and Server Events Writing Event Handlers Saving Your Work Releasing COM Interfaces and Objects Identifying Objects Examples of MATLAB as an Automation Client Additional COM Client Information Using COM Collections Converting Data Using MATLAB as a DCOM Client MATLAB COM Support Limitations MATLAB Automation Server Support Creating the Automation Server Connecting to an Existing Server Automation Server Functions Examples of a MATLAB Automation Server Example -- Running an M-File from Visual Basic Example -- Viewing Methods from a Visual Basic 6.0 Client Example -- Calling MATLAB from a C# Client MATLAB Automation Properties Additional Automation Server Information Creating the Server Manually Specifying a Shared or Dedicated Server Using MATLAB as a DCOM Server Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) DDE Concepts and Terminology Accessing MATLAB as a Server The DDE Name Hierarchy Example -- Using Visual Basic and the MATLAB DDE Server Using MATLAB as a Client Example -- Importing Data From an Excel Application DDE Advisory Links Web Services in MATLAB What Are Web Services in MATLAB? Understanding Data Type Conversions Finding More Information About Web Services Using Web Services in MATLAB Building MATLAB Applications with Web Services Understanding Web Service Limitations Programming with Web Services Simple M-File Example Serial Port I/O Introduction What Is the MATLAB Serial Port Interface? Supported Serial Port Interface Standards Supported Platforms Using the Examples with Your Device Overview of the Serial Port What Is Serial Communication? The Serial Port Interface Standard Connecting Two Devices with a Serial Cable Serial Port Signals and Pin Assignments Serial Data Format Finding Serial Port Information for Your Platform Selected Bibliography Getting Started with Serial I/O Example: Getting Started The Serial Port Session Configuring and Returning Properties Creating a Serial Port Object Configuring Properties During Object Creation The Serial Port Object Display Creating an Array of Serial Port Objects Connecting to the Device Configuring Communication Settings Writing and Reading Data Example: Introduction to Writing and Reading Data Controlling Access to the MATLAB Command Line Writing Data Reading Data Example: Writing and Reading Text Data Example: Parsing Input Data Using strread Example: Reading Binary Data Events and Callbacks Example: Introduction to Events and Callbacks Event Types and Callback Properties Storing Event Information Creating and Executing Callback Functions Enabling Callback Functions After They Error Example: Using Events and Callbacks Using Control Pins Signaling the Presence of Connected Devices Controlling the Flow of Data: Handshaking Debugging: Recording Information to Disk Example: Introduction to Recording Information Creating Multiple Record Files Specifying a Filename The Record File Format Example: Recording Information to Disk Saving and Loading Using Serial Port Objects on Different Platforms Disconnecting and Cleaning Up Disconnecting a Serial Port Object Cleaning Up the MATLAB Environment Property Reference The Property Reference Page Format Serial Port Object Properties BaudRate BreakInterruptFcn ByteOrder BytesAvailable BytesAvailableFcn BytesAvailableFcnCount BytesAvailableFcnMode BytesToOutput DataBits DataTerminalReady ErrorFcn FlowControl InputBufferSize Name OutputBufferSize OutputEmptyFcn Parity PinStatus PinStatusFcn Port ReadAsyncMode RecordDetail RecordMode RecordName RecordStatus RequestToSend Status StopBits Tag Terminator Timeout TimerFcn TimerPeriod TransferStatus Type UserData ValuesReceived ValuesSent Examples External Interfaces Reference Generic DLL Interface Functions C MAT-File Functions C MX-Functions C MEX-Functions C Engine Functions Fortran MAT-File Functions Fortran MX-Functions Fortran MEX-Functions Fortran Engine Functions Java Interface Functions COM Functions COM Client Functions COM Server Functions DDE Functions Web Services Functions Serial Port I/O Functions Release Notes New Features Desktop Tools and Development Environment Features Mathematics Features Programming Features Graphics and 3-D Visualization Features External Interfaces/API Features Creating Graphical User Interfaces (GUIDE) Features Platform Limitations Graphics Platform Limitations Upgrading from an Earlier Release Desktop Tools and Development Environment Upgrade Issues Mathematics Upgrade Issues Programming Upgrade Issues Creating Graphical User Interface (GUIDE) Upgrade Issues Major Bug Fixes Known Software and Documentation Problems MATLAB 7.0.1 Release Notes New Features Desktop Tools and Development Environment Features Mathematics Features Programming Features Graphics and 3-D Visualization Features External Interfaces/API Features Creating Graphical User Interfaces (GUIDE) Features Platform Limitations Graphics Platform Limitations Upgrading from an Earlier Release Desktop Tools and Development Environment Upgrade Issues Mathematics Upgrade Issues Programming Upgrade Issues External Interface/API Upgrade Issues Creating Graphical User Interface (GUIDE) Upgrade Issues Major Bug Fixes MATLAB 7.0 Release Notes MATLAB 7.0 Release Notes New Features Desktop Tools and Development Environment Features Mathematics Features Programming Features Graphics and 3-D Visualization Features External Interfaces/API Features Creating Graphical User Interfaces (GUIDE) Features Platform Limitations Graphics Platform Limitations Upgrading from an Earlier Release Desktop Tools and Development Environment Upgrade Issues Mathematics Upgrade Issues Programming Upgrade Issues Graphics Upgrade Issues External Interface/API Upgrade Issues Creating Graphical User Interface (GUIDE) Upgrade Issues Major Bug Fixes MATLAB 6.5.1 Release Notes New Features Major Bug Fixes Upgrading from an Earlier Release MATLAB 6.5 Release Notes New Features Major Bug Fixes Platform Limitations Upgrading from an Earlier Release Printable Documentation (PDF) Product Page (Web)