function [x,flag,relres,iter,resvec] = bicg(A,b,tol,maxit,M1,M2,x0,varargin)
%BICG   BiConjugate Gradients Method.
%   X = BICG(A,B) attempts to solve the system of linear equations A*X=B
%   for X.  The N-by-N coefficient matrix A must be square and the right
%   hand side column vector B must have length N.
%
%   X = BICG(AFUN,B) accepts a function handle AFUN instead of the matrix A.
%   AFUN(X,'notransp') accepts a vector input X and returns the
%   matrix-vector product A*X while AFUN(X,'transp') returns A'*X. In all
%   of the following syntaxes, you can replace A by AFUN.
%
%   X = BICG(A,B,TOL) specifies the tolerance of the method.  If TOL is []
%   then BICG uses the default, 1e-6.
%
%   X = BICG(A,B,TOL,MAXIT) specifies the maximum number of iterations.  If
%   MAXIT is [] then BICG uses the default, min(N,20).
%
%   X = BICG(A,B,TOL,MAXIT,M) and X = BICG(A,B,TOL,MAXIT,M1,M2) use the
%   preconditioner M or M=M1*M2 and effectively solve the system
%   inv(M)*A*X = inv(M)*B for X. If M is [] then a preconditioner is not
%   applied. M may be a function handle MFUN such that MFUN(X,'notransp')
%   returns M\X and MFUN(X,'transp') returns M'\X.
%
%   X = BICG(A,B,TOL,MAXIT,M1,M2,X0) specifies the initial guess. If X0 is
%   [] then BICG uses the default, an all zero vector.
%
%   [X,FLAG] = BICG(A,B,...) also returns a convergence FLAG:
%    0 BICG converged to the desired tolerance TOL within MAXIT iterations
%    1 BICG iterated MAXIT times but did not converge.
%    2 preconditioner M was ill-conditioned.
%    3 BICG stagnated (two consecutive iterates were the same).
%    4 one of the scalar quantities calculated during BICG became
%      too small or too large to continue computing.
%
%   [X,FLAG,RELRES] = BICG(A,B,...) also returns the relative residual
%   NORM(B-A*X)/NORM(B). If FLAG is 0, then RELRES <= TOL.
%
%   [X,FLAG,RELRES,ITER] = BICG(A,B,...) also returns the iteration number
%   at which X was computed: 0 <= ITER <= MAXIT.
%
%   [X,FLAG,RELRES,ITER,RESVEC] = BICG(A,B,...) also returns a vector of
%   the residual norms at each iteration including NORM(B-A*X0).
%
%   Example:
%      n = 100; on = ones(n,1); A = spdiags([-2*on 4*on -on],-1:1,n,n);
%      b = sum(A,2); tol = 1e-8; maxit = 15;
%      M1 = spdiags([on/(-2) on],-1:0,n,n);
%      M2 = spdiags([4*on -on],0:1,n,n);
%      x = bicg(A,b,tol,maxit,M1,M2);
%   Or, use this matrix-vector product function
%      %---------------------------------------------%
%      function y = afun(x,n,transp_flag)
%      if strcmp(transp_flag,'transp')      % y = A'*x
%         y = 4 * x;
%         y(1:n-1) = y(1:n-1) - 2 * x(2:n);
%         y(2:n) = y(2:n) - x(1:n-1);
%      elseif strcmp(transp_flag,'notransp') % y = A*x
%         y = 4 * x;
%         y(2:n) = y(2:n) - 2 * x(1:n-1);
%         y(1:n-1) = y(1:n-1) - x(2:n);
%      end
%      %---------------------------------------------%
%   as input to BICG:
%      x1 = bicg(@(x,tflag)afun(x,n,tflag),b,tol,maxit,M1,M2);
%
%   Class support for inputs A,B,M1,M2,X0 and the output of AFUN:
%      float: double
%
%   See also BICGSTAB, CGS, GMRES, LSQR, MINRES, PCG, QMR, SYMMLQ, LUINC,
%   FUNCTION_HANDLE.

%   Copyright 1984-2004 The MathWorks, Inc.
%   $Revision: 1.19.4.3 $ $Date: 2004/12/06 16:35:16 $

% Check for an acceptable number of input arguments
if nargin < 2
   error('MATLAB:bicg:NotEnoughInputs', 'Not enough input arguments.');
end

% Determine whether A is a matrix or a function.
[atype,afun,afcnstr] = iterchk(A);
if strcmp(atype,'matrix')
   % Check matrix and right hand side vector inputs have appropriate sizes
   [m,n] = size(A);
   if (m ~= n)
      error('MATLAB:bicg:NonSquareMatrix', 'Matrix must be square.');
   end
   if ~isequal(size(b),[m,1])
      error('MATLAB:bicg:RSHsizeMismatchCoeffMatrix', ...
         ['Right hand side must be a column vector of' ...
         ' length %d to match the coefficient matrix.'],m);
   end
else
   m = size(b,1);
   n = m;
   if ~isvector(b) || (size(b,2) ~= 1) % if ~isvector(b,'column')
      error('MATLAB:bicg:RSHnotColumn',...
         'Right hand side must be a column vector.');
   end
end

% Assign default values to unspecified parameters
if nargin < 3 || isempty(tol)
   tol = 1e-6;
end
if nargin < 4 || isempty(maxit)
   maxit = min(n,20);
end

% Check for all zero right hand side vector => all zero solution
n2b = norm(b);                      % Norm of rhs vector, b
if (n2b == 0)                       % if    rhs vector is all zeros
   x = zeros(n,1);                  % then  solution is all zeros
   flag = 0;                        % a valid solution has been obtained
   relres = 0;                      % the relative residual is actually 0/0
   iter = 0;                        % no iterations need be performed
   resvec = 0;                      % resvec(1) = norm(b-A*x) = norm(0)
   if (nargout < 2)
      itermsg('bicg',tol,maxit,0,flag,iter,NaN);
   end
   return
end

if ((nargin >= 5) && ~isempty(M1))
   existM1 = 1;
   [m1type,m1fun,m1fcnstr] = iterchk(M1);
   if strcmp(m1type,'matrix')
      if ~isequal(size(M1),[m,m])
         error('MATLAB:bicg:WrongPrecondSize', ...
            ['Preconditioner must be a square matrix' ...
            ' of size %d to match the problem size.'],m);
      end
   end
else
   existM1 = 0;
   m1type = 'matrix';
end

if ((nargin >= 6) && ~isempty(M2))
   existM2 = 1;
   [m2type,m2fun,m2fcnstr] = iterchk(M2);
   if strcmp(m2type,'matrix')
      if ~isequal(size(M2),[m,m])
         error('MATLAB:bicg:WrongPrecondSize', ...
            ['Preconditioner must be a square matrix' ...
            ' of size %d to match the problem size.'],m);
      end
   end
else
   existM2 = 0;
   m2type = 'matrix';
end

if ((nargin >= 7) && ~isempty(x0))
   if ~isequal(size(x0),[n,1])
      error('MATLAB:bicg:WrongInitGuessSize', ...
         ['Initial guess must be a column vector of' ...
         ' length %d to match the problem size.'],n);
   else
      x = x0;
   end
else
   x = zeros(n,1);
end

if ((nargin > 7) && strcmp(atype,'matrix') && ...
      strcmp(m1type,'matrix') && strcmp(m2type,'matrix'))
   error('MATLAB:bicg:TooManyInputs', 'Too many input arguments.');
end

% Set up for the method
flag = 1;
xmin = x;                          % Iterate which has minimal residual so far
imin = 0;                          % Iteration at which xmin was computed
tolb = tol * n2b;                  % Relative tolerance
r = b - iterapp('mtimes',afun,atype,afcnstr,x,varargin{:},'notransp');
normr = norm(r);                   % Norm of residual

if (normr <= tolb)                 % Initial guess is a good enough solution
   flag = 0;
   relres = normr / n2b;
   iter = 0;
   resvec = normr;
   if (nargout < 2)
      itermsg('bicg',tol,maxit,0,flag,iter,relres);
   end
   return
end

rt = r;                            % Shadow residual
resvec = zeros(maxit+1,1);         % Preallocate vector for norms of residuals
resvec(1) = normr;                 % resvec(1) = norm(b-A*x0)
normrmin = normr;                  % Norm of residual from xmin
rho = 1;
stag = 0;                          % stagnation of the method

% loop over maxit iterations (unless convergence or failure)

for i = 1 : maxit
   if existM1
      y = iterapp('mldivide',m1fun,m1type,m1fcnstr,r,varargin{:},'notransp');
      if any(~isfinite(y))
         flag = 2;
         break
      end
   else % no preconditioner
      y = r;
   end
   if existM2
      z = iterapp('mldivide',m2fun,m2type,m2fcnstr,y,varargin{:},'notransp');
      yt = iterapp('mldivide',m2fun,m2type,m2fcnstr,rt,varargin{:},'transp');
      if any(~isfinite(z)) || any(~isfinite(yt))
         flag = 2;
         break
      end
   else
      z = y;
      yt = rt;
   end
   if existM1
      zt = iterapp('mldivide',m1fun,m1type,m1fcnstr,yt,varargin{:},'transp');
      if any(~isfinite(zt))
         flag = 2;
         break
      end
   else
      zt = yt;
   end

   rho1 = rho;
   rho = rt' * z;
   if rho == 0 || isinf(rho)
      flag = 4;
      break
   end
   if i == 1
      p = z;
      pt = zt;
   else
      beta = rho / rho1;
      if beta == 0 || isinf(beta)
         flag = 4;
         break
      end
      p = z + beta * p;
      pt = zt + conj(beta) * pt;
   end

   q = iterapp('mtimes',afun,atype,afcnstr,p,varargin{:},'notransp');
   if strcmp(atype,'matrix')
      qt = (pt' * A)';
   else
      qt = iterapp('mtimes',afun,atype,afcnstr,pt,varargin{:},'transp');
   end
   ptq = pt' * q;
   if ptq == 0
      flag = 4;
      break
   else
      alpha = rho / ptq;
   end
   if isinf(alpha)
      flag = 4;
      break
   end
   if alpha == 0                    % stagnation of the method
      stag = 1;
   end

   % Check for stagnation of the method
   if stag == 0
      stagtest = zeros(n,1);
      ind = (x ~= 0);
      stagtest(ind) = p(ind) ./ x(ind);
      stagtest(~ind & p ~= 0) = Inf;
      if abs(alpha)*norm(stagtest,inf) < eps
         stag = 1;
      end
   end

   x = x + alpha * p;               % form the new iterate
   normr = norm(b - ...
      iterapp('mtimes',afun,atype,afcnstr,x,varargin{:},'notransp'));
   resvec(i+1) = normr;

   if normr <= tolb                 % check for convergence
      flag = 0;
      iter = i;
      break
   end

   if stag == 1
      flag = 3;
      break
   end

   if normr < normrmin              % update minimal norm quantities
      normrmin = normr;
      xmin = x;
      imin = i;
   end

   r = r - alpha * q;
   rt = rt - conj(alpha) * qt;

end                                % for i = 1 : maxit

% returned solution is first with minimal residual
if flag == 0
   relres = normr / n2b;
else
   x = xmin;
   iter = imin;
   relres = normrmin / n2b;
end

% truncate the zeros from resvec
if flag <= 1 || flag == 3
   resvec = resvec(1:i+1);
else
   resvec = resvec(1:i);
end

% only display a message if the output flag is not used
if nargout < 2
   itermsg('bicg',tol,maxit,i,flag,iter,relres);
end