2003 2004 Sun Microsystems GNOME Documentation Project &legal; Sun GNOME Documentation Team Sun Microsystems Calculator Manual V&manrevision; &date; Sun GNOME Documentation Team GNOME Documentation Project gcalctool Manual V2.6 October 2003 Sun GNOME Documentation Team GNOME Documentation Project gcalctool Manual V2.5 July 2003 Sun GNOME Documentation Team GNOME Documentation Project gcalctool Manual V2.4 June 2003 Sun GNOME Documentation Team GNOME Documentation Project gcalctool Manual V2.3 April 2003 Sun GNOME Documentation Team GNOME Documentation Project gcalctool Manual V2.2 April 2003 Sun GNOME Documentation Team GNOME Documentation Project gcalctool Manual V2.1 March 2003 Sun GNOME Documentation Team GNOME Documentation Project gcalctool Manual V2.0 March 2003 Sun GNOME Documentation Team GNOME Documentation Project This manual describes version &appversion; of &app;. To report a bug or make a suggestion regarding the &app; application or this manual, follow the directions in the GNOME Feedback Page. gcalctool Calculator The &app; application is multifunctional and can handle different types of mathematical approaches. The &app; application has the following modes: Basic Mode Provides standard calculator functions. You can store numbers in 10 different memory registers, and easily retrieve and replace the numbers in the memory registers. Basic Mode is the default mode. You can use all of the Basic Mode functions in each of the other modes. Financial Mode Provides several complex financial functions. Scientific Mode Provides many additional mathematical functions, including trigonometric and logical functions. You can also store your own functions and constants, when you use Scientific Mode. You can use &app; in the following numbering systems: Numbering System Base Binary 2 Octal 8 Decimal 10 Hexadecimal 16 You can start &app; in the following ways: Applications menu Choose AccessoriesCalculator. Command line Execute the following command: gnome-calculator When you start &app;, the following window is displayed:

Shows &app; Basic Mode window.

The &app; window contains the following elements: Menubar The menus on the menubar contain all of the commands that you need to work with &app;. Display area The display area shows the numbers that you enter, and the results of calculations. You can enter numbers of up to forty digits. Mode area The mode area displays the buttons for the currently selected mode. The Basic Mode buttons are always displayed. When you choose Financial Mode, the Financial Mode buttons are displayed above the Basic Mode buttons. When you choose Scientific Mode, the Scientific Mode buttons are displayed above the Basic Mode Buttons. Popup Menu The Shows popup-menu symbol. symbol on a &app; button indicates that a popup menu is displayed when you click on that button. To perform a calculation, use one of the following methods: Click on the &app; buttons to enter numbers and functions. Give focus to the &app; window, then use the keyboard or numeric keypad to specify the calculation that you want to perform. For a complete list of keyboard shortcuts, see . The &app; application automatically displays numbers with more than 40 digits, and small numbers, as exponential numbers. For example, the following table shows the value that is displayed when you use the decimal numeric base with an accuracy of 2 significant places: Display Signifies 1.23e+37 1.23 * 1037 1e-5 0.00001 For information about how to enter a number in exponential format, see . To insert a separator between every three digits to the left of the numeric point in decimal base, choose ViewShow Thousands Separator. The separator character is not displayed when you use the C locale. To copy the result of a calculation, choose EditCopy. You can paste the value into another application. To paste a previously copied value into the display area, choose EditPaste. Basic Mode is displayed by default when you first start &app;. To explicitly invoke Basic Mode, choose ViewBasic Mode. To perform simple calculations, use the buttons described in . Function Button Description Example Result Numerals 0 to 9 inclusive In decimal and hexadecimal base, all numerals are available. In octal base, 8 and 9 are unavailable. In binary base, only 0 and 1 are available. The default base is decimal. 1 1 Numeric point . Starts the fractional part of a numeric entry. 1 . 2 1.2 Calculate a result = Displays the result of the current calculation in the current base. 1 + 2 = 3 Addition + Adds the current value in the display area to the next number that you enter. 1 + 2 = 3 Subtraction - Subtracts from the current value in the display area the next number that you enter. 3 - 2 = 1 Multiplication * Multiplies the current value in the display area by the next number that you enter. 3 * 2 = 6 Division / Divides the current value in the display area by the next number that you enter. 6 / 3 = 2 To erase characters, use the buttons described in . Function Button Description Example Result Backspace Bsp Removes the rightmost character from the display area. 1 + 22 Bsp = 3 Clear Entry CE Removes the current value from the display area. 1 + 22 CE = 1 Clear Clr Resets the current value in the display area to zero. Clr also deselects the Hyp and Inv options in Scientific Mode. 1 + 22 Clr = 0 To perform arithmetic calculations, use the buttons described in . Function Button Description Example Result Percentage % Uses the next number that you enter to calculate that percentage of the current value in the display area. 200 % 2 = 4 Reciprocal 1/x Divides 1 by the current value in the display area. 4 1/x 0.25 Change the arithmetic sign +/- Changes a positive number to a negative number, or a negative number to a positive number. 8 +/- -8 Square Root Sqrt Calculates the square root of the current value in the display area. 9 Sqrt 3 Square x2 Calculates the square of the current value in the display area. 3 x2 9 Integer Portion Int Calculates the integer portion of the current value in the display area. -23.45 Int -23 Fractional Portion Frac Calculates the fractional portion of the current value in the display area. -23.45 Frac -0.45 Absolute Value Abs Calculates the absolute value of the current value in the display area. -23.45 Abs 23.45 You can store values in any of the ten &app; memory registers R0 to R9. To display the memory registers, choose View Memory Registers . describes the memory functions that you can use. Function Button Description Example Result Store Value in Memory Register Sto Stores the current contents of the display area in the specified memory register. Click on Sto, then select a memory register from the popup menu. To clear a memory register during a &app; session: Click Clr. Click on Sto. Select the memory register from the popup menu. 22 Sto R2 The value 22 is stored in memory register R2 Retrieve Value From Memory Register Rcl Retrieves the contents of the specified memory register. Click on Rcl, then select the memory register from the popup menu. 0 Rcl R2 22 where 22 is the value previously stored in memory register R2 Exchange Memory Register Value and Displayed Value Exch Exchanges the contents of the specified memory register and the current value in the display area. Click on Exch, then select the memory register from the popup menu. 44 Exch R2 Value in display area changes from 44 to 22, value in R2 changes from 22 to 44 where 22 is the value previously stored in memory register R2 If you use keyboard shortcuts, you can use the keyboard to specify the memory register, as shown in the following examples: Keyboard Entry Description S 2 Stores the current contents of the display area in memory register R2. R 2 Retrieves the current contents of memory register R2 into the display area. X 2 Exchanges the current value of the display area with the contents of memory register R2. To display the ASCII value of a character, choose Edit Insert ASCII Value . The Insert ASCII Value dialog is displayed. Enter the required character in the Character field, then click on Insert. The ASCII value of that character, in the current numeric base, appears in the display area. For example, the ASCII value of B in decimal base is 66. To change to Financial Mode, choose View Financial Mode . When you change to Financial Mode, the following Financial Mode buttons are displayed above the Basic Mode buttons:

Shows &app; Financial Mode buttons.

To perform financial calculations, use the buttons described in . Function Button Description Example Result Compounding Term Ctrm Calculates the number of compounding periods necessary to increase an investment of present value pv to a future value of fv, at a fixed interest rate of int per compounding period. This function uses the following memory registers: Register 0 int, the periodic interest rate Register 1 fv, the future value Register 2 pv, the present value You have just deposited $8000 in an account that pays an annual interest rate of 9%, compounded monthly. Given the annual interest rate, you determine that the monthly interest rate is 0.09 / 12 = 0.0075. To calculate the time period necessary to double your investment, put the following values into the first three memory registers: Register 0 0.0075 Register 1 16000 Register 2 8000 Click on Ctrm. 92.77 The investment doubles in value in 92.77 months. Double-Declining Depreciation Ddb Calculates the depreciation allowance on an asset for a specified period of time, using the double-declining balance method. This function uses the following memory registers: Register 0 cost, the amount paid for the asset Register 1 salvage, the value of the asset at the end of its life Register 2 life, the useful life of the asset Register 3 period, the time period for depreciation allowance You have just purchased an office machine for $8000. The useful life of this machine is six years. The salvage value after six years is $900. To calculate the depreciation expense for the fourth year, using the double-declining balance method, put the following values into the first four memory registers: Register 0 8000 Register 1 900 Register 2 6 Register 3 4 Click on Ddb. 790.12 The depreciation expense for the fourth year is $790.12. Future Value Fv Calculates the future value of an investment based on a series of equal payments, each of amount pmt, at a periodic interest rate of int, over the number of payment periods in the term. This function uses the following memory registers: Register 0 pmt, the periodic payment Register 1 int, the periodic interest rate Register 2 n, the number of periods You plan to deposit $4000 in a bank account on the last day of each year for the next 20 years. The account pays 8% interest, compounded annually. Interest is paid on the last day of each year. To calculate the value of your account in 20 years, put the following values into the first three memory registers: Register 0 4000 Register 1 0.08 Register 2 20 Click on Fv. 183047.86 At the end of 20 years, the value of the account is $183,047.86. Periodic Payment Pmt Calculates the amount of the periodic payment of a loan, where payments are made at the end of each payment period. This function uses the following memory registers: Register 0 prin, the principal Register 1 int, the periodic interest rate Register 2 n, the term You are considering a $120,000 mortgage for 30 years at an annual interest rate of 11.0%. Given the annual interest rate, you determine that the monthly interest rate is 0.11 / 12 = 0.00917. The term is 30 * 12 = 360 months. To calculate the monthly repayment for this mortgage, put the following values into the first three memory registers: Register 0 120000 Register 1 0.00917 Register 2 360 Click on Pmt. 1143.15 The monthly repayment is $1143.15. Present Value Pv Calculates the present value of an investment based on a series of equal payments, each of amount pmt, discounted at a periodic interest rate of int, over the number of payment periods in the term. This function uses the following memory registers: Register 0 pmt, the periodic payment Register 1 int, the periodic interest rate Register 2 n, the number of periods You have just won a million dollars. The prize is awarded in 20 annual payments of $50,000 each. Annual payments are received at the end of each year. If you were to accept the annual payments of $50,000, you would invest the money at a rate of 9%, compounded annually. However, you are given the option of receiving a single lump-sum payment of $400,000 instead of the million dollars annuity. To calculate which option is worth more in today's dollars, put the following values into the first three memory registers: Register 0 50000 Register 1 0.09 Register 2 20 Click on Pv. 456427.28 The $1,000,000 paid over 20 years is worth $456,427.28 in present dollars. Periodic Interest Rate Rate Calculates the periodic interest necessary to increase an investment of present value pv to a future value of fv, over the number of compounding periods in term. This function uses the following memory registers: Register 0 fv, the future value Register 1 pv, the present value Register 2 n, the term You have invested $20,000 in a bond. The bond matures in five years, and has a maturity value of $30,000. Interest is compounded monthly. The term is 5 * 12 = 60 months. To calculate the periodic interest rate for this investment, put the following values into the first three memory registers: Register 0 30000 Register 1 20000 Register 2 60 Click on Rate. .00678 The monthly interest rate is 0.678%. The annual interest rate is 0.678% * 12 = 8.14%. Straight-Line Depreciation Sln Calculates the straight-line depreciation of an asset for one period. The depreciable cost is cost - salvage. The straight-line method of depreciation divides the depreciable cost evenly over the useful life of an asset. The useful life is the number of periods, typically years, over which an asset is depreciated. This function uses the following memory registers: Register 0 cost, the amount paid for the asset Register 1 salvage, the value of the asset at the end of its life Register 2 life, the useful life of the asset You have just purchased an office machine for $8000. The useful life of this machine is six years. The salvage value after six years is $900. To calculate the yearly depreciation expense, using the straight-line method, put the following values into the first three memory registers: Register 0 8000 Register 1 900 Register 2 6 Click on Sln. 1183.33 The yearly depreciation expense is $1183.33. Sum-Of-The-Years'-Digits Depreciation Syd Calculates the depreciation allowance on an asset for a specified period of time, using the Sum-Of-The-Years'-Digits method. This method of depreciation accelerates the rate of depreciation, so that more depreciation expense occurs in earlier periods than in later ones. The depreciable cost is cost - salvage. The useful life is the number of periods, typically years, over which an asset is depreciated. This function uses the following memory registers: Register 0 cost, the amount paid for the asset Register 1 salvage, the value of the asset at the end of its life Register 2 life, the useful life of the asset Register 3 period, the time period for depreciation allowance You have just purchased an office machine for $8000. The useful life of this machine is six years. The salvage value after six years is $900. To calculate the depreciation expense for the fourth year, using the sum-of-the-years'-digits method, put the following values into the first four memory registers: Register 0 8000 Register 1 900 Register 2 6 Register 3 4 Click on Syd. 1014.29 The depreciation expense for the fourth year is $1014.29. Payment Period Term Calculates the number of payment periods that are necessary during the term of an ordinary annuity, to accumulate a future value of fv, at a periodic interest rate of int. Each payment is equal to amount pmt. This function uses the following memory registers: Register 0 pmt, the periodic payment Register 1 fv, the future value Register 2 int, the periodic interest rate You plan to deposit $1800 in a bank account on the last day of each year. The account pays 11% interest, compounded annually. Interest is paid on the last day of each year. To calculate the time period necessary to accumulate $120,000, put the following values into the first three memory registers: Register 0 1800 Register 1 120000 Register 2 0.11 Click on Term. 20.32 $120,000 accumulates in the account in 20.32 years. To change to Scientific Mode, choose View Scientific Mode . When you change to Scientific Mode, the following Scientific Mode buttons are displayed above the Basic Mode buttons:

Shows &app; Scientific Mode buttons.

To set the accuracy of the display area and of the memory registers, click on Acc, then select from the popup menu the accuracy level that you require. The current accuracy level is indicated by a preceding black circle in the popup menu. Up to 9 significant places can be displayed. The default accuracy is 9 significant places. By default, trailing zeroes are not shown. To display trailing zeroes, click on Acc then select Show Trailing Zeroes from the popup menu, or choose View Show Trailing Zeroes . A preceding check mark in the Acc popup menu or View menu indicates that the Show Trailing Zeroes option has been selected. To hide trailing zeroes, choose View Show Trailing Zeroes again. The examples in the following table show how the accuracy setting affects x in the display area, when you use decimal base, with the Show Trailing Zeroes option selected, for the 1 / 8 = x calculation: Accuracy Result 1 significant place 1.2 2 significant places 1.25 3 significant places 1.250 To set the numeric base, select one of the buttons described in . Function Button Description Binary Base Bin Sets the numeric base to binary, that is, base 2. Octal Base Oct Sets the numeric base to octal, that is, base 8. Decimal Base Dec Sets the numeric base to decimal, that is, base 10. Decimal is the default numeric base. If you change from Scientific Mode to either Basic Mode or Financial Mode, &app; automatically sets the numeric base to decimal. Hexadecimal Base Hex Sets the numeric base to hexadecimal, that is, base 16. To set the display type, select one of the buttons described in . Function Button Description Engineering Display Type Eng Sets the display type to engineering format. Results are displayed in scientific notation. The exponent is always a multiple of three. Fixed-Point Display Type Fix Sets the display type to fixed-point format. Results are not displayed in scientific notation. Fixed-point is the default display type. If you change from scientific mode to either basic mode or financial mode, &app; automatically sets the display type to fixed-point format. Scientific Display Type Sci Sets the display type to scientific format. Results are displayed in scientific notation, with a fixed number of numeric digits. To set the trigonometric type, select one of the buttons described in . Function Button Description Degrees Degrees Sets the trigonometric type to degrees. Degrees is the default trigonometric type. Gradians Gradians Sets the trigonometric type to gradians. Radians Radians Sets the trigonometric type to radians. To set the trigonometric options, use the options described in . Function Button Description Hyperbolic Option Indicator Hyp Selects the hyperbolic option for use with the trigonometric functions. Inverse Option Indicator Inv Selects the inverse option for use with the trigonometric functions. By default, the options described in are not selected. Click Clr to deselect these options. To calculate trigonometric values, use the buttons described in . Function Button Description Example Result Cosine cos Cos, Hyp option not selected, Inv option not selected Calculates the cosine of the current value in the display area. 60 Cos 0.5 Arc Cosine acos Cos, Hyp option not selected, Inv option selected Calculates the arc cosine of the current value in the display area. 0.5 Inv Cos 60 Hyperbolic Cosine cosh Cos, Hyp option selected, Inv option not selected Calculates the hyperbolic cosine of the current value in the display area. 0.4 Hyp Cos 1.081072372 Arc Hyperbolic Cosine acosh Cos, Hyp option selected, Inv option selected Calculates the arc hyperbolic cosine of the current value in the display area. 1.6 Hyp Inv Cos 1.046967915 Sine sin Sin, Hyp option not selected, Inv option not selected Calculates the sine of the current value in the display area. 90 Sin 1 Arc Sine asin Sin, Hyp option not selected, Inv option selected Calculates the arc sine of the current value in the display area. 1 Inv Sin 90 Hyperbolic Sine sinh Sin, Hyp option selected, Inv option not selected Calculates the hyperbolic sine of the current value in the display area. 0.4 Hyp Sin 0.410752326 Arc Hyperbolic Sine asinh Sin, Hyp option selected, Inv option selected Calculates the arc hyperbolic sine of the current value in the display area. 1.6 Hyp Inv Sin 1.248983328 Tangent tan Tan, Hyp option not selected, Inv option not selected Calculates the tangent of the current value in the display area. 45 Tan 1 Arc Tangent atan Tan, Hyp option not selected, Inv option selected Calculates the arc tangent of the current value in the display area. 1 Inv Tan 45 Hyperbolic Tangent tanh Tan, Hyp option selected, Inv option not selected Calculates the hyperbolic tangent of the current value in the display area. 0.6 Hyp Tan 0.537049567 Arc Hyperbolic Tangent atanh Tan, Hyp option selected, Inv option selected Calculates the arc hyperbolic tangent of the current value in the display area. 0.6 Hyp Inv Tan 0.693147181 To calculate logarithms, use the buttons described in . Function Button Description Example Result Common Logarithm Base 10 Log Calculates the common logarithm of the current value in the display area. 10 Log 1 Natural Logarithm Ln Calculates the natural logarithm of the current value in the display area. 10 Ln 2.30 Common antilogarithm and natural antilogarithm are not supported in this version of &app;. To perform logical calculations, use the buttons described in . Function Button Description Example Result Logical OR Or Performs a logical OR operation on the current value in the display area and the next number that you enter, treating both numbers as unsigned long integers. 10001000 Or 00010001 10011001 Logical AND And Performs a logical AND operation on the current value in the display area and the next number that you enter, treating both numbers as unsigned long integers. 10101010 And 00110011 00110011 Logical NOT Not Performs a logical NOT operation on the current value in the display area, treating the number as an unsigned long integer. 1357ACE Not FECA8531 Logical XOR Xor Performs a logical XOR operation on the current value in the display area and the next number that you enter, treating both numbers as unsigned long integers. 1100 Xor 1010 110 Logical XNOR Xnor Performs a logical XNOR operation on the current value in the display area and the next number that you enter, treating both numbers as unsigned long integers. 1100 Xnor 1010 11111111111111111111111111111001 To enter exponential numbers, use the Exp button. The Exp button enables you to enter numbers in scientific notation, that is, mantissa * baseexponent: mantissa Current non-zero value in the display area. If the current value in the display area is zero, the mantissa is 1.0. base 2, 8, 10, or 16 for binary, octal, decimal, and hexadecimal numeric base respectively. exponent Next number that you enter. When you click on Exp, the calculator displays . + to represent base to the power of the next number that you enter. To change the sign of the number, use the +/- button in the last action of the operation. The following example shows the value that is displayed when you use the decimal numeric base: Keypad Entry Calculator Display 5 Exp 2 = +/- -500 To enter a number in exponential format, use the guidelines in the following table: Number Enter Number Displayed 1200000000 12 Exp 8 = 1200000000 -1200000000 12 Exp 8 = +/- -1200000000 0.00000012 12 Exp 8 +/- 1.2e-7 -0.00000012 12 Exp 8 +/- +/- -1.2e-7 Click on Con to display the list of defined constant values. All constant values are specified in decimal numeric base, even if the current numeric base is not decimal. Select a constant from the menu to enter its value in the display area. If you use the keyboard shortcut #, you can use the keyboard to specify the constant, as shown in the following example: Keyboard Entry Constant # 3 C3 The &app; application provides ten default constant values, as described in the following table: Number Value Description C0 0.621 kilometers per hour or miles per hour Multiply the current value in the display area by this constant, to convert from kilometers per hour to miles per hour. For example, 8 * Con C0 = 5. Divide the current value in the display area by this constant, to convert from miles per hour to kilometers per hour. For example, 5 / Con C0 = 8. C1 1.414213562 square root of 2 C2 2.718281828 e C3 3.141592653 pi C4 0.3937007 centimeters or inches Multiply the current value in the display area by this constant, to convert from centimeters to inches. For example, 30 * Con C4 = 12. Divide the current value in the display area by this constant, to convert from inches to centimeters. For example, 12 / Con C4 = 30. C5 57.295779513 degrees in a radian C6 1048576 2 ^ 20 C7 0.0353 grams or ounces Multiply the current value in the display area by this constant, to convert from grams to ounces. For example, 500 * Con C7 = 18. Divide the current value in the display area by this constant, to convert from ounces to grams. For example, 18 / Con C7 = 500. C8 0.948 kilojoules or British thermal units Multiply the current value in the display area by this constant, to convert from kilojoules to British thermal units. For example, 10 * Con C8 = 9.48. Divide the current value in the display area by this constant, to convert from British thermal units to kilojoules. For example, 9.48 / Con C8 = 10. C9 0.061 cubic centimeters or cubic inches Multiply the current value in the display area by this constant, to convert from cubic centimeters to cubic inches. For example, 100 * Con C9 = 6.10. Divide the current value in the display area by this constant, to convert from cubic inches to cubic centimeters. For example, 6.10 / Con C9 = 100. You cannot add new constants in this version of &app;. However, you can overwrite the default constants to store your own constants. To store a new constant or edit an existing constant, perform the following steps: Click on Con, then select Edit Constants from the popup menu. In the Edit Constants window, select the constant that you want to overwrite or edit. Click on the Value field, then enter the new value. Click on the Description field, then enter the new description. Click OK to save your changes and close the Edit Constants window. To show the available functions, click on Fun. A popup menu displays the list of defined functions. Select a function from the menu to run that function. If the function is not defined, the value zero is returned. If you use the keyboard shortcut F, you can use the keyboard to specify the function, as shown in the following example: Keyboard Entry Function F 3 F3 The &app; application does not provide any default functions. You can store up to ten functions. To store a new function or edit an existing function, perform the following steps: Click on Fun, then select Edit Functions from the popup menu. In the Edit Functions window, select a blank entry, or the function that you want to overwrite. Click on the Value field, then enter the new value. Use the keyboard shortcuts to invoke a &app; button. For example, enter 90K to calculate sine(90). Click on the Description field, then enter the new description. For example, Sine 90. Click OK to save your changes and close the Edit Functions window. To manipulate binary numbers, use the buttons described in . Function Button Description Example Result Left Shift n < Shifts the current unsigned 32-bit binary value in the display area, the specified number of places to the left. Click on <, then select the number of shift places from the popup menu. The number can be shifted up to 15 places left. 111 < 1 place 1110 Right Shift n > Shifts the current unsigned 32-bit binary value in the display area, the specified number of places to the right. Click on >, then select the number of shift places from the popup menu. The number can be shifted up to 15 places right. 1011 > 1 place 101 Get a 16-Bit Unsigned Integer &16 Truncates the current value in the display area and returns a 16-bit unsigned integer. FFFFF &16 FFFF Get a 32-Bit Unsigned Integer &32 Truncates the current value in the display area and returns a 32-bit unsigned integer. FFFFFFFFFF &32 FFFFFFFF If you use keyboard shortcuts, you can use the keyboard to specify the number of places to shift, as shown in the following examples: Keyboard Entry Description < 4 Shifts the current binary value in the display area 4 places to the left. > 4 Shifts the current binary value in the display area 4 places to the right. To perform miscellaneous scientific calculations, use the buttons described in . Function Button Description Example Result Parentheses ( and ) Provide precedence in arithmetic calculations. Calculations within parentheses are performed first. If parentheses are not used, arithmetic calculations are performed from left to right with no arithmetic precedence. Parentheses can be nested to any level. When the last parenthesis is matched, the display area is updated. 2 + 3 * 4 = 2 + ( 3 * 4 ) 20 14 e to the x power ex Calculates the value of e raised to the power of the current value in the display area. 2 ex 7.39 10 to the x power 10x Calculates the value of 10 raised to the power of the current value in the display area. 2 10x 100 x to the y power xy Raises the current value in the display area to the power of the next value that you enter. 2 xy 4 = 16 x Factorial x! Calculates the factorial of the current value in the display area. x factorial is x*(x-1)*(x-2)...*1. This function applies only to positive integers. 4 x! 24 Random Number Generator Rand Generates a random number in the range 0.0 to 1.0 then displays the random number in the display area. Rand 0.14 Hexadecimal Numerals A to F inclusive These numerals are available in hexadecimal base only. B B To quit &app;, choose Calculator Quit . When you quit &app;, the current values of the following settings are stored and automatically applied the next time you start &app;: Mode: Basic, Financial, or Scientific Accuracy Memory Registers window displayed or not displayed Numeric base Display type Trigonometric type Show Trailing Zeroes Show Thousands Separator Calculations are performed from left to right with no arithmetic precedence. To apply arithmetic precedence, use parentheses. For example, without parentheses: 2 + 3 * 4 = 20 With parentheses: 2 + (3 * 4) = 14 If you perform an invalid calculation, &app; indicates the error condition as follows: Displays the word Error in the display area. Makes all calculator buttons unavailable, except Clr. Makes all calculator options unavailable. Makes all calculator menu items unavailable, except CalculatorQuit and HelpContents. To clear the error condition, click Clr or press Delete. , , and provide a quick reference for all of the &app; keyboard shortcuts. Keyboard Shortcut Button Function See 0 to 9 inclusive 0 to 9 inclusive Numerals A A Hexadecimal numerals a Acc Accuracy B B Hexadecimal numerals C C Hexadecimal numerals c +/- Change the arithmetic sign D D Hexadecimal numerals d Ddb Double-declining depreciation E E Hexadecimal numerals e Exp Exponential F F Hexadecimal numerals f Fun Function G Log Common logarithm i Int Integer portion J Cos Cosine K Sin Sine L Tan Tan l Sln Straight-line depreciation m Ctrm Compounding term N Ln Natural logarithm n Xnor Logical XNOR P Pmt Periodic payment p Pv Present value R Rcl Retrieve value from memory register r 1/x Reciprocal S Sto Store value in memory register s Sqrt Square root T Rate Periodic interest rate t Term Payment period u Abs Absolute value v Fv Future value X Exch Exchange memory register value and displayed value Y Syd Sum-of-the-years'-digits depreciation y xy x to the y power ! x! x factorial # Con Constant value % % Percentage & And Logical AND ( and ) ( and ) Parentheses * or x * Multiplication + + Addition - - Subtraction . . Numeric point / / Division : Frac Fractional portion < < Left shift n = or Return = Calculate a result > > Right shift n ? Rand Random number generator @ x2 Square [ &32 Get a 32-bit unsigned integer ] &16 Get a 16-bit unsigned integer ^ Xor Logical XOR { ex e to the x power | Or Logical OR } 10x 10 to the x power ~ Not Logical NOT Backspace Bsp Backspace Esc or CtrlBackspace CE Clear entry Delete Clr Clear Keyboard Shortcut Option Function See Alta Gradians Set the trigonometric type to gradians. AltB Bin Set the numeric base to binary. AltD Dec Set the numeric base to decimal. AltF Fix Set the display type to fixed-point format. Altg Degrees Set the trigonometric type to degrees. AltI Inv Select the inverse option for use with the trigonometric functions. Altn Eng Set the display type to engineering format. AltO Oct Set the numeric base to octal. AltR Radians Set the trigonometric type to radians. AltS Sci Set the display type to scientific format. Altx Hex Set the numeric base to hexadecimal. Alty Hyp Select the hyperbolic option for use with the trigonometric functions. Keyboard Shortcut Menu Item Function See CtrlB View Basic Mode Change to basic mode CtrlC Edit Copy Copy the current value in the display area to the clipboard CtrlF View Financial Mode Change to financial mode CtrlI Edit Insert ASCII Value Display the Insert ASCII Value window CtrlK View Show Thousands Separator Display the thousands separator CtrlM View Memory Registers Display the Memory Registers window CtrlQ Calculator Quit Quit the &app; application CtrlS View Scientific Mode Change to scientific mode CtrlT View Show Trailing Zeroes Show trailing zeroes CtrlV Edit Paste Paste the current value in the clipboard to the display area F1 Help Contents Display the &app; online help