This is Info file latex.info, produced by Makeinfo version 1.68 from the input file latex2e.texi. INFO-DIR-SECTION TeX START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY * LaTeX2e: (latex). LaTeXe help 1.6. END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY This file documents LaTeX2e, a document preparation system. LaTeX2e is a macro package for TeX. This is edition 1.6 of the LaTeX2e documentation, and is for the Texinfo that is distributed as part of Version 19 of GNU Emacs. It uses version 2.134 or later of the texinfo.tex input file. This is translated from LATEX.HLP v1.0a in the VMS Help Library. The pre-translation version was written by George D. Greenwade of Sam Houston State University. The LaTeX 2.09 version was written by Stephen Gilmore . The LaTeX2e version was adapted from this by Torsten Martinsen . Copyright 1988,1994 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Copyright 1994-1996 Torsten Martinsen. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that the sections entitled "Distribution" and "General Public License" may be included in a translation approved by the author instead of in the original English.  File: latex.info, Node: Using BibTeX, Prev: \nocite, Up: thebibliography Using BibTeX ............ If you use the BibTeX program by Oren Patashnik (highly recommended if you need a bibliography of more than a couple of titles) to maintain your bibliography, you don't use the `thebibliography' environment. Instead, you include the lines \bibliographystyle{style} \bibliography{bibfile} where `style' refers to a file `style.bst', which defines how your citations will look. The standard styles distributed with BibTeX are: `alpha' Sorted alphabetically. Labels are formed from name of author and year of publication. `plain' Sorted alphabetically. Labels are numeric. `unsrt' Like `plain', but entries are in order of citation. `abbrv' Like `plain', but more compact labels. In addition, numerous other BibTeX style files exist tailored to the demands of various publications. The argument to `\bibliography' refers to the file `bibfile.bib', which should contain your database in BibTeX format. Only the entries referred to via `\cite' and `\nocite' will be listed in the bibliography.  File: latex.info, Node: theorem, Next: titlepage, Prev: thebibliography, Up: Environments theorem ------- \begin{theorem} theorem text \end{theorem} The `theorem' environment produces "Theorem x" in boldface followed by your theorem text.  File: latex.info, Node: titlepage, Next: verbatim, Prev: theorem, Up: Environments titlepage --------- \begin{titlepage} text \end{titlepage} The `titlepage' environment creates a title page, i.e. a page with no printed page number or heading. It also causes the following page to be numbered page one. Formatting the title page is left to you. The `\today' command comes in handy for title pages. Note that you can use the `\maketitle' (*note \maketitle::.) command to produce a standard title page.  File: latex.info, Node: verbatim, Next: verse, Prev: titlepage, Up: Environments verbatim -------- \begin{verbatim} text \end{verbatim} The `verbatim' environment is a paragraph-making environment that gets LaTeX to print exactly what you type in. It turns LaTeX into a typewriter with carriage returns and blanks having the same effect that they would on a typewriter. * Menu: * \verb:: The macro form of the `verbatim' environment.  File: latex.info, Node: \verb, Up: verbatim \verb ..... `\verb char literal_text char' `\verb*char literal_text char' Typesets `literal_text' exactly as typed, including special characters and spaces, using a typewriter (`\tt') type style. There may be no space between `\verb' or `\verb*' and `char' (space is shown here only for clarity). The `*-form' differs only in that spaces are printed as a special character.  File: latex.info, Node: verse, Prev: verbatim, Up: Environments verse ----- \begin{verse} text \end{verse} The `verse' environment is designed for poetry, though you may find other uses for it. The margins are indented on the left and the right. Separate the lines of each stanza with `\\', and use one or more blank lines to separate the stanzas.  File: latex.info, Node: Footnotes, Next: Layout, Prev: Environments, Up: Commands Footnotes ========= Footnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced with one command, the `\footnote' command. They can also be produced with two commands, the `\footnotemark' and the `\footnotetext' commands. See the specific command for information on why you would use one over the other. * Menu: * \footnote:: Insert a footnote. * \footnotemark:: Insert footnote mark only. * \footnotetext:: Insert footnote text only.  File: latex.info, Node: \footnote, Next: \footnotemark, Prev: Footnotes, Up: Footnotes \footnote --------- `\footnote[number]{text}' The `\footnote' command places the numbered footnote `text' at the bottom of the current page. The optional argument, `number', is used to change the default footnote number. This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode; i.e., you cannot use it in sectioning commands like `\chapter', in figures, tables or in a `tabular' environment.  File: latex.info, Node: \footnotemark, Next: \footnotetext, Prev: \footnote, Up: Footnotes \footnotemark ------------- The `\footnotemark' command puts the footnote `number' in the text. This command can be used in inner paragraph mode. The text of the footnote is supplied by the `\footnotetext' command. This command can be used to produce several consecutive footnote markers referring to the same footnote by using `\footnotemark[\value{footnote}]' after the first `\footnote' command.  File: latex.info, Node: \footnotetext, Prev: \footnotemark, Up: Footnotes \footnotetext ------------- `\footnotetext[number]{text}' The `\footnotetext' command produces the `text' to be placed at the bottom of the page. This command can come anywhere after the `\footnotemark' command. The `\footnotetext' command must appear in outer paragraph mode. The optional argument, `number', is used to change the default footnote number.  File: latex.info, Node: Lengths, Next: Letters, Prev: Layout, Up: Commands Lengths ======= A `length' is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length as an argument. * Menu: * \newlength:: Define a new length. * \setlength:: Set the value of a length. * \addtolength:: Add a quantity to a length. * \settodepth:: Set a length to the depth of something. * \settoheight:: Set a length to the height of something. * \settowidth:: Set a length to the width of something. * Predefined lengths:: Lengths that are, like, predefined.  File: latex.info, Node: \newlength, Next: \setlength, Prev: Lengths, Up: Lengths \newlength ---------- `\newlength{\gnat}' The `\newlength' command defines the mandatory argument, `\gnat', as a `length' command with a value of `0in'. An error occurs if a `\gnat' command already exists.  File: latex.info, Node: \setlength, Next: \addtolength, Prev: \newlength, Up: Lengths \setlength ---------- `\setlength{\gnat}{length}' The `\setlength' command is used to set the value of a `length' command. The `length' argument can be expressed in any terms of length LaTeX understands, i.e., inches (`in'), millimetres (`mm'), points (`pt'), etc.  File: latex.info, Node: \addtolength, Next: \settodepth, Prev: \setlength, Up: Lengths \addtolength ------------ `\addtolength{\gnat}{length}' The `\addtolength' command increments a "length command" by the amount specified in the `length' argument. It can be a negative amount.  File: latex.info, Node: \settodepth, Next: \settoheight, Prev: \addtolength, Up: Lengths \settodepth ----------- `\settodepth{\gnat}{text}' The `\settodepth' command sets the value of a `length' command equal to the depth of the `text' argument.  File: latex.info, Node: \settoheight, Next: \settowidth, Prev: \settodepth, Up: Lengths \settoheight ------------ `\settoheight{\gnat}{text}' The `\settoheight' command sets the value of a `length' command equal to the height of the `text' argument.  File: latex.info, Node: \settowidth, Next: Predefined lengths, Prev: \settoheight, Up: Lengths \settowidth ----------- `\settowidth{\gnat}{text}' The `\settowidth' command sets the value of a `length' command equal to the width of the `text' argument.  File: latex.info, Node: Predefined lengths, Prev: \settowidth, Up: Lengths Predefined lengths ------------------ `\width' `\height' `\depth' `\totalheight' These length parameters can be used in the arguments of the box-making commands *Note Spaces & Boxes::. They specify the natural width etc. of the text in the box. `\totalheight' equals `\height' + `\depth'. To make a box with the text stretched to double the natural size, e.g., say `\makebox[2\width]{Get a stretcher}'  File: latex.info, Node: Letters, Next: Line & Page Breaking, Prev: Lengths, Up: Commands Letters ======= You can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The `letter' document class is designed to make a number of letters at once, although you can make just one if you so desire. Your `.tex' source file has the same minimum commands as the other document classes, i.e., you must have the following commands as a minimum: \documentclass{letter} \begin{document} ... letters ... \end{document} Each letter is a `letter' environment, whose argument is the name and address of the recipient. For example, you might have: \begin{letter}{Mr. Joe Smith\\ 2345 Princess St. \\ Edinburgh, EH1 1AA} ... \end{letter} The letter itself begins with the `\opening' command. The text of the letter follows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands that make no sense in a letter, like `\chapter', do not work. The letter closes with a `\closing' command. After the `closing', you can have additional material. The `\cc' command produces the usual "cc: ...". There's also a similar `\encl' command for a list of enclosures. With both these commands, use `\\' to separate the items. These commands are used with the `letter' class: * Menu: * \address:: Your return address. * \cc:: Cc list. * \closing:: Saying goodbye. * \encl:: List of enclosed material. * \location:: Your organisation's address. * \makelabels:: Making address labels. * \name:: Your name, for the return address. * \opening:: Saying hello. * \ps:: Adding a postscript. * \signature:: Your signature. * \startbreaks:: Allow page breaks. * \stopbreaks:: Disallow page breaks. * \telephone:: Your phone number.  File: latex.info, Node: \address, Next: \cc, Prev: Letters, Up: Letters \address -------- `\address{Return address}' The return address, as it should appear on the letter and the envelope. Separate lines of the address should be separated by `\\' commands. If you do not make an `\address' declaration, then the letter will be formatted for copying onto your organisation's standard letterhead. (*Note Overview::, for details on your local implementation). If you give an `\address' declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a personal letter.  File: latex.info, Node: \cc, Next: \closing, Prev: \address, Up: Letters \cc --- `\cc{Kate Schechter\\Rob McKenna}' Generate a list of other persons the letter was sent to. Each name is printed on a separate line.  File: latex.info, Node: \closing, Next: \encl, Prev: \cc, Up: Letters \closing -------- `\closing{text}' The letter closes with a `\closing' command, i.e., \closing{Best Regards,}  File: latex.info, Node: \encl, Next: \location, Prev: \closing, Up: Letters \encl ----- `\encl{CV\\Certificates}' Generate a list of enclosed material.  File: latex.info, Node: \location, Next: \makelabels, Prev: \encl, Up: Letters \location --------- `\location{address}' This modifies your organisation's standard address. This only appears if the `firstpage' pagestyle is selected.  File: latex.info, Node: \makelabels, Next: \name, Prev: \location, Up: Letters \makelabels ----------- `\makelabels{number}' If you issue this command in the preamble, LaTeX will create a sheet of address labels. This sheet will be output before the letters.  File: latex.info, Node: \name, Next: \opening, Prev: \makelabels, Up: Letters \name ----- `\name{June Davenport}' Your name, used for printing on the envelope together with the return address.  File: latex.info, Node: \opening, Next: \ps, Prev: \name, Up: Letters \opening -------- `\opening{text}' The letter begins with the `\opening' command. The mandatory argument, `text', is whatever text you wish to start your letter, i.e., \opening{Dear Joe,}  File: latex.info, Node: \ps, Next: \signature, Prev: \opening, Up: Letters \ps --- `\ps' Use this command before a postscript.  File: latex.info, Node: \signature, Next: \startbreaks, Prev: \ps, Up: Letters \signature ---------- `\signature{Harvey Swick}' Your name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the space for your signature. Items that should go on separate lines should be separated by `\\' commands.  File: latex.info, Node: \startbreaks, Next: \stopbreaks, Prev: \signature, Up: Letters \startbreaks ------------ `\startbreaks' Used after a `\stopbreaks' command to allow page breaks again.  File: latex.info, Node: \stopbreaks, Next: \telephone, Prev: \startbreaks, Up: Letters \stopbreaks ----------- `\stopbreaks' Inhibit page breaks until a `\startbreaks' command occurs.  File: latex.info, Node: \telephone, Prev: \stopbreaks, Up: Letters \telephone ---------- `\telephone{number}' This is your telephone number. This only appears if the `firstpage' pagestyle is selected.  File: latex.info, Node: Line & Page Breaking, Next: Making Paragraphs, Prev: Letters, Up: Commands Line & Page Breaking ==================== The first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to translate your input file into a string of glyphs and spaces. To produce a printed document, this string must be broken into lines, and these lines must be broken into pages. In some environments, you do the line breaking yourself with the `\\' command, but LaTeX usually does it for you. * Menu: * \\:: Start a new line. * \- (hyphenation):: Insert explicit hyphenation. * \cleardoublepage:: Start a new right-hand page. * \clearpage:: Start a new page. * \enlargethispage:: Enlarge the current page a bit. * \fussy:: Be fussy about line breaking. * \hyphenation:: Tell LaTeX how to hyphenate a word. * \linebreak:: Break the line. * \newline:: Break the line prematurely. * \newpage:: Start a new page. * \nolinebreak:: Don't break the current line. * \nopagebreak:: Don't make a page break here. * \pagebreak:: Please make a page break here. * \sloppy:: Be sloppy about line breaking.  File: latex.info, Node: \\, Next: \- (hyphenation), Prev: Line & Page Breaking, Up: Line & Page Breaking \\ -- `\\[*][extra-space]' The `\\' command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optional argument, `extra-space', that specifies how much extra vertical space is to be inserted before the next line. This can be a negative amount. The `\\*' command is the same as the ordinary `\\' command except that it tells LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.  File: latex.info, Node: \- (hyphenation), Next: \cleardoublepage, Prev: \\, Up: Line & Page Breaking \- -- The `\-' command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that point. LaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find all correct hyphenation points. The `\-' command is used for the exceptional cases. Note that when you insert `\-' commands in a word, the word will only be hyphenated at those points and not at any of the hyphenation points that LaTeX might otherwise have chosen.  File: latex.info, Node: \cleardoublepage, Next: \clearpage, Prev: \- (hyphenation), Up: Line & Page Breaking \cleardoublepage ---------------- The `\cleardoublepage' command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. In a two-sided printing style, it also makes the next page a right-hand (odd-numbered) page, producing a blank page if necessary.  File: latex.info, Node: \clearpage, Next: \enlargethispage, Prev: \cleardoublepage, Up: Line & Page Breaking \clearpage ---------- The `\clearpage' command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed.  File: latex.info, Node: \enlargethispage, Next: \fussy, Prev: \clearpage, Up: Line & Page Breaking \enlargethispage ---------------- `\enlargethispage{size}' `\enlargethispage*{size}' Enlarge the `\textheight' for the current page by the specified amount; e.g. `\enlargethispage{\baselineskip}' will allow one additional line. The starred form tries to squeeze the material together on the page as much as possible. This is normally used together with an explicit `\pagebreak'.  File: latex.info, Node: \fussy, Next: \hyphenation, Prev: \enlargethispage, Up: Line & Page Breaking \fussy ------ `\fussy' This declaration (which is the default) makes TeX more fussy about line breaking. This can avoids too much space between words, but may produce overfull boxes. This command cancels the effect of a previous `\sloppy' command. *Note \sloppy::  File: latex.info, Node: \hyphenation, Next: \linebreak, Prev: \fussy, Up: Line & Page Breaking \hyphenation ------------ `\hyphenation{words}' The `\hyphenation' command declares allowed hyphenation points, where `words' is a list of words, separated by spaces, in which each hyphenation point is indicated by a `-' character.  File: latex.info, Node: \linebreak, Next: \newline, Prev: \hyphenation, Up: Line & Page Breaking \linebreak ---------- `\linebreak[number]' The `\linebreak' command tells LaTeX to break the current line at the point of the command. With the optional argument, `number', you can convert the `\linebreak' command from a demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is. The `\linebreak' command causes LaTeX to stretch the line so it extends to the right margin.  File: latex.info, Node: \newline, Next: \newpage, Prev: \linebreak, Up: Line & Page Breaking \newline -------- The `\newline' command breaks the line right where it is. It can only be used in paragraph mode.  File: latex.info, Node: \newpage, Next: \nolinebreak, Prev: \newline, Up: Line & Page Breaking \newpage -------- The `\newpage' command ends the current page.  File: latex.info, Node: \nolinebreak, Next: \nopagebreak, Prev: \newpage, Up: Line & Page Breaking \nolinebreak ------------ `\nolinebreak[number]' The `\nolinebreak' command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current line at the point of the command. With the optional argument, `number', you can convert the `\nolinebreak' command from a demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is.  File: latex.info, Node: \nopagebreak, Next: \pagebreak, Prev: \nolinebreak, Up: Line & Page Breaking \nopagebreak ------------ `\nopagebreak[number]' The `\nopagebreak' command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current page at the point of the command. With the optional argument, `number', you can convert the `\nopagebreak' command from a demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is.  File: latex.info, Node: \pagebreak, Next: \sloppy, Prev: \nopagebreak, Up: Line & Page Breaking \pagebreak ---------- `\pagebreak[number]' The `\pagebreak' command tells LaTeX to break the current page at the point of the command. With the optional argument, `number', you can convert the `\pagebreak' command from a demand to a request. The number must be a number from 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is.  File: latex.info, Node: \sloppy, Prev: \pagebreak, Up: Line & Page Breaking \sloppy ------- `\sloppy' This declaration makes TeX less fussy about line breaking. This can prevent overfull boxes, but may leave too much space between words. Lasts until a `\fussy' command is issued. *Note \fussy::.  File: latex.info, Node: Making Paragraphs, Next: Margin Notes, Prev: Line & Page Breaking, Up: Commands Making Paragraphs ================= A paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines -- lines not containing even a `%'. A blank line should not appear where a new paragraph cannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of a sectioning command. * Menu: * \indent:: Indent this paragraph. * \noindent:: Do not indent this paragraph. * \par:: Another way of writing a blank line.  File: latex.info, Node: \indent, Next: \noindent, Prev: Making Paragraphs, Up: Making Paragraphs \indent ------- `\indent' This produces a horizontal space whose width equals the width of the paragraph indentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be suppressed.  File: latex.info, Node: \noindent, Next: \par, Prev: \indent, Up: Making Paragraphs \noindent --------- `\noindent' When used at the beginning of the paragraph, it suppresses the paragraph indentation. It has no effect when used in the middle of a paragraph.  File: latex.info, Node: \par, Prev: \noindent, Up: Making Paragraphs \par ---- Equivalent to a blank line; often used to make command or environment definitions easier to read.  File: latex.info, Node: Margin Notes, Next: Math Formulae, Prev: Making Paragraphs, Up: Commands Margin Notes ============ The command `\marginpar[left]{right}' creates a note in the margin. The first line will be at the same height as the line in the text where the `\marginpar' occurs. When you only specify the mandatory argument `right', the text will be placed * in the right margin for one-sided layout * in the outside margin for two-sided layout * in the nearest margin for two-column layout. By issuing the command `\reversemarginpar', you can force the marginal notes to go into the opposite (inside) margin. When you specify both arguments, `left' is used for the left margin, and `right' is used for the right margin. The first word will normally not be hyphenated; you can enable hyphenation by prefixing the first word with a `\hspace{0pt}' command.  File: latex.info, Node: Math Formulae, Next: Modes, Prev: Margin Notes, Up: Commands Math Formulae ============= There are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode: `math' For Formulae that appear right in the text. `displaymath' For Formulae that appear on their own line. `equation' The same as the displaymath environment except that it adds an equation number in the right margin. The `math' environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but the `displaymath' and `equation' environments can be used only in paragraph mode. The `math' and `displaymath' environments are used so often that they have the following short forms: \(...\) instead of \begin{math}...\end{math} \[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath} In fact, the `math' environment is so common that it has an even shorter form: $ ... $ instead of \(...\) * Menu: * Subscripts & Superscripts:: Also known as exponent or index. * Math Symbols:: Various mathematical squiggles. * Spacing in Math Mode:: Thick, medium, thin and negative spaces. * Math Miscellany:: Stuff that doesn't fit anywhere else.  File: latex.info, Node: Subscripts & Superscripts, Next: Math Symbols, Prev: Math Formulae, Up: Math Formulae Subscripts & Superscripts ------------------------- To get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type `_{'exp`}'. To get exp to appear as a superscript, you type `^{'exp`}'. LaTeX handles superscripted superscripts and all of that stuff in the natural way. It even does the right thing when something has both a subscript and a superscript.  File: latex.info, Node: Math Symbols, Next: Spacing in Math Mode, Prev: Subscripts & Superscripts, Up: Math Formulae Math Symbols ------------ LaTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. The commands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For example, if you include `$\pi$' in your source, you will get the symbol "pi" in your output.  File: latex.info, Node: Spacing in Math Mode, Next: Math Miscellany, Prev: Math Symbols, Up: Math Formulae Spacing in Math Mode -------------------- In a `math' environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in the spacing that it thinks is best. LaTeX formats mathematics the way it's done in mathematics texts. If you want different spacing, LaTeX provides the following four commands for use in math mode: 1. `\;' - a thick space 2. `\:' - a medium space 3. `\,' - a thin space 4. `\!' - a negative thin space  File: latex.info, Node: Math Miscellany, Prev: Spacing in Math Mode, Up: Math Formulae Math Miscellany --------------- `\cdots' Produces a horizontal ellipsis where the dots are raised to the centre of the line. `\ddots' Produces a diagonal ellipsis. `\frac{num}{den}' Produces the fraction `num' divided by `den'. `\ldots' Produces an ellipsis. This command works in any mode, not just math mode. `\overbrace{text}' Generates a brace over text. `\overline{text}' Causes the argument text to be overlined. `\sqrt[root]{arg}' Produces the square root of its argument. The optional argument, `root', determines what root to produce, i.e., the cube root of `x+y' would be typed as `$\sqrt[3]{x+y}$'. `\underbrace{text}' Generates text with a brace underneath. `\underline{text}' Causes the argument text to be underlined. This command can also be used in paragraph and LR modes. `\vdots' Produces a vertical ellipsis.  File: latex.info, Node: Modes, Next: Page Styles, Prev: Math Formulae, Up: Commands Modes ===== When LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three modes: * Paragraph mode * Math mode * Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short LaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a different level, though not all level changes produce mode changes. Mode changes occur only when entering or leaving an environment, or when LaTeX is processing the argument of certain text-producing commands. "Paragraph mode" is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when processing ordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into lines and breaks the lines into pages. LaTeX is in "math mode" when it's generating a mathematical formula. In "LR mode", as in paragraph mode, LaTeX considers the output that it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them. However, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it never starts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words into an `\mbox', LaTeX would keep typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, and then complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line. LaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an `\mbox' command. You can get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for example, you can make it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. There are also several text-producing commands and environments for making a box that put LaTeX in paragraph mode. The box make by one of these commands or environments will be called a `parbox'. When LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a box, it is said to be in "inner paragraph mode". Its normal paragraph mode, which it starts out in, is called "outer paragraph mode".  File: latex.info, Node: Page Styles, Next: Sectioning, Prev: Modes, Up: Commands Page Styles =========== The `\documentclass' command determines the size and position of the page's head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. * Menu: * \maketitle:: Generate a title page. * \pagenumbering:: Set the style used for page numbers. * \pagestyle:: Change the headings/footings style. * \thispagestyle:: Change the headings/footings style for this page.  File: latex.info, Node: \maketitle, Next: \pagenumbering, Prev: Page Styles, Up: Page Styles \maketitle ---------- `\maketitle' The `\maketitle' command generates a title on a separate title page - except in the `article' class, where the title normally goes at the top of the first page. Information used to produce the title is obtained from the following declarations: *Note Page Styles:: for the commands to give the information. * Menu: * \author:: Who wrote this stuff? * \date:: The date the document was created. * \thanks:: A special form of footnote. * \title:: How to set the document title.  File: latex.info, Node: \author, Next: \date, Prev: \maketitle, Up: \maketitle \author ------- `\author{names}' The `\author' command declares the author(s), where `names' is a list of authors separated by `\and' commands. Use `\\' to separate lines within a single author's entry - for example, to give the author's institution or address.  File: latex.info, Node: \date, Next: \thanks, Prev: \author, Up: \maketitle \date ----- `\date{text}' The `\date' command declares text to be the document's date. With no `\date' command, the current date is used.  File: latex.info, Node: \thanks, Next: \title, Prev: \date, Up: \maketitle \thanks ------- `\thanks{text}' The `\thanks' command produces a `\footnote' to the title.  File: latex.info, Node: \title, Prev: \thanks, Up: \maketitle \title ------ `\title{text}' The `\title' command declares `text' to be the title. Use `\\' to tell LaTeX where to start a new line in a long title.  File: latex.info, Node: \pagenumbering, Next: \pagestyle, Prev: \maketitle, Up: Page Styles \pagenumbering -------------- `\pagenumbering{num_style}' Specifies the style of page numbers. Possible values of `num_style' are: * `arabic' - Arabic numerals * `roman' - Lowercase Roman numerals * `Roman' - Uppercase Roman numerals * `alph' - Lowercase letters * `Alph' - Uppercase letters  File: latex.info, Node: \pagestyle, Next: \thispagestyle, Prev: \pagenumbering, Up: Page Styles \pagestyle ---------- `\pagestyle{option}' The `\pagestyle' command changes the style from the current page on throughout the remainder of your document. The valid options are: * `plain' - Just a plain page number. * `empty' - Produces empty heads and feet - no page numbers. * `headings' - Puts running headings on each page. The document style specifies what goes in the headings. * `myheadings' - You specify what is to go in the heading with the `\markboth' or the `\markright' commands. * Menu: * \markboth:: Set left and right headings. * \markright:: Set right heading only.  File: latex.info, Node: \markboth, Next: \markright, Prev: \pagestyle, Up: \pagestyle \markboth --------- \markboth{left head}{right head} The `\markboth' command is used in conjunction with the page style `myheadings' for setting both the left and the right heading. You should note that a "left-hand heading" is generated by the last `\markboth' command before the end of the page, while a "right-hand heading" is generated by the first `\markboth' or `\markright' that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the page.  File: latex.info, Node: \markright, Prev: \markboth, Up: \pagestyle \markright ---------- \markright{right head} The `\markright' command is used in conjunction with the page style `myheadings' for setting the right heading, leaving the left heading unchanged. You should note that a "left-hand heading" is generated by the last `\markboth' command before the end of the page, while a "right-hand heading" is generated by the first `\markboth' or `\markright' that comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before the page.  File: latex.info, Node: \thispagestyle, Prev: \pagestyle, Up: Page Styles \thispagestyle -------------- `\thispagestyle{option}' The `\thispagestyle' command works in the same manner as the `\pagestyle' command except that it changes the style for the current page only.  File: latex.info, Node: Sectioning, Next: Spaces & Boxes, Prev: Page Styles, Up: Commands Sectioning ========== Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units. * `\part' * `\chapter' (report and book class only) * `\section' * `\subsection' * `\subsubsection' * `\paragraph' * `\subparagraph' All sectioning commands take the same general form, i.e., `\chapter[optional]{title}' In addition to providing the heading in the text, the mandatory argument of the sectioning command can appear in two other places: 1. The table of contents 2. The running head at the top of the page You may not want the same thing to appear in these other two places as appears in the text heading. To handle this situation, the sectioning commands have an `optional' argument that provides the text for these other two purposes. All sectioning commands have `*'-forms that print a title, but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the table of contents. `\appendix' The `\appendix' command changes the way sectional units are numbered. The `\appendix' command generates no text and does not affect the numbering of parts. The normal use of this command is something like \chapter{The First Chapter} ... \appendix \chapter{The First Appendix}  File: latex.info, Node: Spaces & Boxes, Next: Special Characters, Prev: Sectioning, Up: Commands Spaces & Boxes ============== All the predefined length parameters *Note Predefined lengths:: can be used in the arguments of the box-making commands. * Menu: Horizontal space * \dotfill:: Stretchable horizontal dots. * \hfill:: Stretchable horizontal space. * \hrulefill:: Stretchable horizontal rule. * \hspace:: Fixed horizontal space. Vertical space * \addvspace:: Fixed vertical space. * \bigskip:: Fixed vertical space. * \medskip:: Fixed vertical space. * \smallskip:: Fixed vertical space. * \vfill:: Stretchable vertical space. * \vspace:: Fixed vertical space. Boxes * \fbox:: Framebox. * \framebox:: Framebox, adjustable position. * lrbox:: An environment like \sbox. * \makebox:: Box, adjustable position. * \mbox:: Box. * \newsavebox:: Declare a name for saving a box. * \parbox:: Box with text in paragraph mode. * \raisebox:: Raise or lower text. * \rule:: Lines and squares. * \savebox:: Like \makebox, but save the text for later use. * \sbox:: Like \mbox, but save the text for later use. * \usebox:: Print saved text.  File: latex.info, Node: \dotfill, Next: \hfill, Up: Spaces & Boxes \dotfill -------- The `\dotfill' command produces a "rubber length" that produces dots instead of just spaces.  File: latex.info, Node: \hfill, Next: \hrulefill, Prev: \dotfill, Up: Spaces & Boxes \hfill ------ The `\hfill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which can stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with spaces.  File: latex.info, Node: \hrulefill, Next: \hspace, Prev: \hfill, Up: Spaces & Boxes \hrulefill ---------- The `\hrulefill' fill command produces a "rubber length" which can stretch or shrink horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal rule.  File: latex.info, Node: \hspace, Next: \addvspace, Prev: \hrulefill, Up: Spaces & Boxes \hspace ------- `\hspace[*]{length}' The `\hspace' command adds horizontal space. The length of the space can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i.e., points, inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an `\hspace' command. Adding negative space is like backspacing. LaTeX removes horizontal space that comes at the end of a line. If you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional `*' argument. Then the space is never removed.  File: latex.info, Node: \addvspace, Next: \bigskip, Prev: \hspace, Up: Spaces & Boxes \addvspace ---------- `\addvspace{length}' The `\addvspace' command normally adds a vertical space of height length. However, if vertical space has already been added to the same point in the output by a previous `\addvspace' command, then this command will not add more space than needed to make the natural length of the total vertical space equal to `length'.  File: latex.info, Node: \bigskip, Next: \medskip, Prev: \addvspace, Up: Spaces & Boxes \bigskip -------- The `\bigskip' command is equivalent to `\vspace{bigskipamount}' where `bigskipamount' is determined by the document class.  File: latex.info, Node: \medskip, Next: \smallskip, Prev: \bigskip, Up: Spaces & Boxes \medskip -------- The `\medskip' command is equivalent to `\vspace{medskipamount}' where `medskipamount' is determined by the document class.  File: latex.info, Node: \smallskip, Next: \vfill, Prev: \medskip, Up: Spaces & Boxes \smallskip ---------- `\smallskip' The `\smallskip' command is equivalent to `\vspace{smallskipamount}' where `smallskipamount' is determined by the document class.  File: latex.info, Node: \vfill, Next: \vspace, Prev: \smallskip, Up: Spaces & Boxes \vfill ------ The `\vfill' fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or shrink vertically.  File: latex.info, Node: \vspace, Next: \fbox, Prev: \vfill, Up: Spaces & Boxes \vspace ------- `\vspace[*]{length}' The `\vspace' command adds vertical space. The length of the space can be expressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, i.e., points, inches, etc. You can add negative as well as positive space with an `\vspace' command. LaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page. If you don't want LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional `*' argument. Then the space is never removed.  File: latex.info, Node: \fbox, Next: \framebox, Prev: \vspace, Up: Spaces & Boxes \fbox ----- `\fbox{text}' The `\fbox' command is exactly the same as the `\mbox' command, except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates.  File: latex.info, Node: \framebox, Next: lrbox, Prev: \fbox, Up: Spaces & Boxes \framebox --------- `\framebox[width][position]{text}' The `\framebox' command is exactly the same as the `\makebox' command, except that it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates. The framebox command produces a rule of thickness `\fboxrule', and leaves a space `\fboxsep' between the rule and the contents of the box.  File: latex.info, Node: lrbox, Next: \makebox, Prev: \framebox, Up: Spaces & Boxes lrbox ----- `\begin{lrbox}{cmd} text \end{lrbox}' This is the environment form of `\sbox'. The text inside the environment is saved in the box `cmd', which must have been declared with `\newsavebox'.  File: latex.info, Node: \makebox, Next: \mbox, Prev: lrbox, Up: Spaces & Boxes \makebox -------- `\makebox[width][position]{text}' The `\makebox' command creates a box just wide enough to contain the `text' specified. The width of the box is specified by the optional `width' argument. The position of the text within the box is determined by the optional `position' argument. * `c' -- centred (default) * `l' -- flushleft * `r' -- flushright * `s' -- stretch from left to right margin. The text must contain stretchable space for this to work. *Note \makebox (picture)::.  File: latex.info, Node: \mbox, Next: \newsavebox, Prev: \makebox, Up: Spaces & Boxes \mbox ----- `\mbox{text}' The `\mbox' command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text created by its argument. Use this command to prevent text from being split across lines.  File: latex.info, Node: \newsavebox, Next: \parbox, Prev: \mbox, Up: Spaces & Boxes \newsavebox ----------- `\newsavebox{cmd}' Declares `cmd', which must be a command name that is not already defined, to be a bin for saving boxes.  File: latex.info, Node: \parbox, Next: \raisebox, Prev: \newsavebox, Up: Spaces & Boxes \parbox ------- `\parbox[position][height][inner-pos]{width}{text}' A `parbox' is a box whose contents are created in `paragraph' mode. The `\parbox' has two mandatory arguments: * `width' - specifies the width of the parbox, and * `text' - the text that goes inside the parbox. LaTeX will position a `parbox' so its centre lines up with the centre of the text line. The optional position argument allows you to line up either the top or bottom line in the parbox (default is top). If the height argument is not given, the box will have the natural height of the text. The inner-pos argument controls the placement of the text inside the box. If it is not specified, position is used. * `t' -- text is placed at the top of the box. * `c' -- text is centred in the box. * `b' -- text is placed at the bottom of the box. * `s' -- stretch vertically. The text must contain vertically stretchable space for this to work. A `\parbox' command is used for a parbox containing a small piece of text, with nothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any of the paragraph-making environments inside a `\parbox' argument. For larger pieces of text, including ones containing a paragraph-making environment, you should use a `minipage' environment *Note minipage::.  File: latex.info, Node: \raisebox, Next: \rule, Prev: \parbox, Up: Spaces & Boxes \raisebox --------- `\raisebox{distance}[extend-above][extend-below]{text}' The `\raisebox' command is used to raise or lower text. The first mandatory argument specifies how high the text is to be raised (or lowered if it is a negative amount). The text itself is processed in `LR mode'. Sometimes it's useful to make LaTeX think something has a different size than it really does - or a different size than LaTeX would normally think it has. The `\raisebox' command lets you tell LaTeX how tall it is. The first optional argument, `extend-above', makes LaTeX think that the text extends above the line by the amount specified. The second optional argument, `extend-below', makes LaTeX think that the text extends below the line by the amount specified.  File: latex.info, Node: \rule, Next: \savebox, Prev: \raisebox, Up: Spaces & Boxes \rule ----- `\rule[raise-height]{width}{thickness}' The `\rule' command is used to produce horizontal lines. The arguments are defined as follows: * `raise-height' - specifies how high to raise the rule (optional) * `width' - specifies the length of the rule (mandatory) * `thickness' - specifies the thickness of the rule (mandatory)  File: latex.info, Node: \savebox, Next: \sbox, Prev: \rule, Up: Spaces & Boxes \savebox -------- \savebox{cmd}[width][pos]{text} This command typeset `text' in a box just as for `\makebox'. However, instead of printing the resulting box, it saves it in bin `cmd', which must have been declared with `\newsavebox'.  File: latex.info, Node: \sbox, Next: \usebox, Prev: \savebox, Up: Spaces & Boxes \sbox ----- `\sbox{text}' This commands typeset `text' in a box just as for `\mbox'. However, instead of printing the resulting box, it saves it in bin `cmd', which must have been declared with `\newsavebox'.  File: latex.info, Node: \usebox, Prev: \sbox, Up: Spaces & Boxes \usebox ------- `\usebox{cmd}' Prints the box most recently saved in bin `cmd' by a `\savebox' command.  File: latex.info, Node: Special Characters, Next: Splitting the Input, Prev: Spaces & Boxes, Up: Commands Special Characters ================== The following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called "special printing characters", or simply "special characters". # $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { } Whenever you put one of these special characters into your file, you are doing something special. If you simply want the character to be printed just as any other letter, include a `\' in front of the character. For example, `\$' will produce `$' in your output. One exception to this rule is the `\' itself because `\\' has its own special meaning. A `\' is produced by typing `$\backslash$' in your file. Also, `\~' means `place a tilde accent over the following letter', so you will probably want to use `\verb' instead. In addition, you can access any character of a font once you know its number by using the `\symbol' command. For example, the character used for displaying spaces in the `\verb*' command has the code decimal 32, so it can be typed as `\symbol{32}'. You can also specify octal numbers with `'' or hexadecimal numbers with `"', so the previous example could also be written as `\symbol{'40}' or `\symbol{"20}'.  File: latex.info, Node: Splitting the Input, Next: Starting & Ending, Prev: Special Characters, Up: Commands Splitting the Input =================== A large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole input in a single large file, it's more efficient to split it into several smaller ones. Regardless of how many separate files you use, there is one that is the root file; it is the one whose name you type when you run LaTeX. * Menu: * \include:: Conditionally include a file. * \includeonly:: Determine which files are included. * \input:: Unconditionally include a file.  File: latex.info, Node: \include, Next: \includeonly, Prev: Splitting the Input, Up: Splitting the Input \include -------- `\include{file}' The `\include' command is used in conjunction with the `\includeonly' command for selective inclusion of files. The `file' argument is the first name of a file, denoting `file.tex'. If `file' is one the file names in the file list of the `\includeonly' command or if there is no `\includeonly' command, the `\include' command is equivalent to \clearpage \input{file} \clearpage except that if the file `file.tex' does not exist, then a warning message rather than an error is produced. If the file is not in the file list, the `\include' command is equivalent to `\clearpage'. The `\include' command may not appear in the preamble or in a file read by another `\include' command.  File: latex.info, Node: \includeonly, Next: \input, Prev: \include, Up: Splitting the Input \includeonly ------------ `\includeonly{'file_list`}' The `\includeonly' command controls which files will be read in by an `\include' command. file_list should be a comma-separated list of filenames. Each filename must match exactly a filename specified in a `\include' command. This command can only appear in the preamble.  File: latex.info, Node: \input, Prev: \includeonly, Up: Splitting the Input \input ------ `\input{file}' The `\input' command causes the indicated `file' to be read and processed, exactly as if its contents had been inserted in the current file at that point. The file name may be a complete file name with extension or just a first name, in which case the file `file.tex' is used.  File: latex.info, Node: Starting & Ending, Next: Table of Contents, Prev: Splitting the Input, Up: Commands Starting & Ending ================= Your input file must contain the following commands as a minimum: \documentclass{class} \begin{document} ... your text goes here ... \end{document} where the `class' selected is one of the valid classes for LaTeX. *Note Document Classes:: (and *note Overview::.), for details of the various document classes available locally. You may include other LaTeX commands between the `\documentclass' and the `\begin{document}' commands (i.e., in the `preamble').  File: latex.info, Node: Table of Contents, Next: Terminal Input/Output, Prev: Starting & Ending, Up: Commands Table of Contents ================= A table of contents is produced with the `\tableofcontents' command. You put the command right where you want the table of contents to go; LaTeX does the rest for you. It produces a heading, but it does not automatically start a new page. If you want a new page after the table of contents, include a `\newpage' command after the `\tableofcontents' command. There are similar commands `\listoffigures' and `\listoftables' for producing a list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. Everything works exactly the same as for the table of contents. NOTE: If you want any of these items to be generated, you cannot have the `\nofiles' command in your document. * Menu: * \addcontentsline:: Add an entry to table of contents etc. * \addtocontents:: Add text directly to table of contents file etc.